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Author:
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Languages : en
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Diffusion occurs in many biological, medical, laboratory and manufacturing processes. In this dissertation, multicomponent diffusion has been investigated for solutions containing high molecular-weight solutes using Rayleigh interferometry and dynamic light scattering (DLS) at 25 ðC. The first objective of this dissertation is to experimentally and theoretically investigate the effect of macromolecule polydispersity on macromolecule diffusion in water. We show diffusion measurements performed by Rayleigh interferometry can be used to characterize macromolecular polydispersity, and diffusion measurements performed by DLS can significantly differ from those obtained by Rayleigh interferometry if macromolecules are highly polydisperse. For macromolecule-additive-solvent mixtures, a corrective procedure was successfully developed to remove polydispersity effects and treat these systems as ternary systems. The second objective of this dissertation is to investigate multicomponent diffusion of a model macromolecule-additive-solvent ternary system. We use Rayleigh interferometry to determine the four multicomponent diffusion coefficients for the poly(ethylene glycol)-di(ethylene glycol)-water ternary system. This investigation shows how multicomponent diffusion can be used to 1) characterize macromolecule-additive thermodynamic interactions; 2) examine the role of preferential interactions and macromolecule solvation on the phenomenon of coupled diffusion. These studies were extended to poly(ethylene glycol)-salt-water ternary systems to characterize macromolecule-salt thermodynamic interactions. The third goal of this dissertation is to investigate multicomponent diffusion of drug-carrier-water systems. In pharmaceutical industry, diffusion parameters are crucial for modeling and predicting drug controlled release. Carriers, such as micelles can be added to drug formulations to enhance drug bioavailability and prolong drug retention. We use Rayleigh interferometry to dete.
Author:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Diffusion occurs in many biological, medical, laboratory and manufacturing processes. In this dissertation, multicomponent diffusion has been investigated for solutions containing high molecular-weight solutes using Rayleigh interferometry and dynamic light scattering (DLS) at 25 ðC. The first objective of this dissertation is to experimentally and theoretically investigate the effect of macromolecule polydispersity on macromolecule diffusion in water. We show diffusion measurements performed by Rayleigh interferometry can be used to characterize macromolecular polydispersity, and diffusion measurements performed by DLS can significantly differ from those obtained by Rayleigh interferometry if macromolecules are highly polydisperse. For macromolecule-additive-solvent mixtures, a corrective procedure was successfully developed to remove polydispersity effects and treat these systems as ternary systems. The second objective of this dissertation is to investigate multicomponent diffusion of a model macromolecule-additive-solvent ternary system. We use Rayleigh interferometry to determine the four multicomponent diffusion coefficients for the poly(ethylene glycol)-di(ethylene glycol)-water ternary system. This investigation shows how multicomponent diffusion can be used to 1) characterize macromolecule-additive thermodynamic interactions; 2) examine the role of preferential interactions and macromolecule solvation on the phenomenon of coupled diffusion. These studies were extended to poly(ethylene glycol)-salt-water ternary systems to characterize macromolecule-salt thermodynamic interactions. The third goal of this dissertation is to investigate multicomponent diffusion of drug-carrier-water systems. In pharmaceutical industry, diffusion parameters are crucial for modeling and predicting drug controlled release. Carriers, such as micelles can be added to drug formulations to enhance drug bioavailability and prolong drug retention. We use Rayleigh interferometry to dete.
Author: Huixian Zhang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Diffusion
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Diffusion occurs in many biological, medical, laboratory and manufacturing processes. In this dissertation, multicomponent diffusion has been investigated for solutions containing high molecular-weight solutes using Rayleigh interferometry and dynamic light scattering (DLS) at 25° C. The first objective of this dissertation is to experimentally and theoretically investigate the effect of macromolecule polydispersity on macromolecule diffusion in water. We show diffusion measurements performed by Rayleigh interferometry can be used to characterize macromolecular polydispersity, and diffusion measurements performed by DLS can significantly differ from those obtained by Rayleigh interferometry if macromolecules are highly polydisperse. For macromolecule-additive-solvent mixtures, a corrective procedure was successfully developed to remove polydispersity effects and treat these systems as ternary systems. The second objective of this dissertation is to investigate multicomponent diffusion of a model macromolecule-additive-solvent ternary system. We use Rayleigh interferometry to determine the four multicomponent diffusion coefficients for the poly(ethylene glycol)-di(ethylene glycol)-water ternary system. This investigation shows how multicomponent diffusion can be used to 1) characterize macromolecule-additive thermodynamic interactions; 2) examine the role of preferential interactions and macromolecule solvation on the phenomenon of coupled diffusion. These studies were extended to poly(ethylene glycol)-salt-water ternary systems to characterize macromolecule-salt thermodynamic interactions. The third goal of this dissertation is to investigate multicomponent diffusion of drug-carrier-water systems. In pharmaceutical industry, diffusion parameters are crucial for modeling and predicting drug controlled release. Carriers, such as micelles can be added to drug formulations to enhance drug bioavailability and prolong drug retention. We use Rayleigh interferometry to determine the four multicomponent diffusion coefficients for drug-micelle-water ternary systems. Hydrocortisone and potassium naproxenate were used as model nonionic and ionic drugs respectively. The micelle of the surfactant tyloxapol was chosen as a model carrier. Drug solubility was measured as a function of surfactant concentration to quantitatively characterize drug-micelle binding. A theoretical model, describing coupled diffusion in micelle solutions and taking into account drug-micelle binding, counter-ion effects and micelle salvation, was successfully developed for both nonionic and ionic drugs. This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of drug diffusion in the presence of nano-carriers and provides guidance for the development of accurate models of diffusion-based controlled release.
Author: E. L. Cussler
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Diffusion
Languages : en
Pages : 248
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Book Description
Author: E. L. Cussler
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1483102009
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 187
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Book Description
Multicomponent Diffusion discusses the multicomponent diffusion of the three phases of matter. The book is comprised of nine chapters that cover studies of multicomponent diffusion and mass transfer with an emphasis on the chemical characteristics responsible for multicomponent diffusion. Chapter 1 provides an introductory discourse about multicomponent diffusion. Chapter 2 discusses binary diffusion, while Chapter 3 covers multicomponent flux equation. The measurement of ternary diffusion and the estimation of ternary diffusion coefficients are also explained in the book. A chapter then covers the interacting systems, and the subsequent chapter talks about membranes without mobile carriers. The text also discusses carrier-containing membranes and the multicomponent mass transfer. The book will be of great use to researchers and professionals whose work requires a good understanding of multicomponent diffusion.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Diffusion of macromolecules in aqueous solutions is important for many laboratory, biological, and manufacturing applications. However, aqueous solutions containing macromolecules often contain other additives. An important feature of these multicomponent mixtures is the macromolecule-additive interaction. Due to this interaction, the additive concentration gradient can induce macromolecule diffusion and vice versa. This phenomenon is known as coupled diffusion and is described by multicomponent diffusion coefficients. This thesis reports the experimental investigation of multicomponent diffusion coefficients for the Poly(ethylene glycol)-KCl-water ternary system at 25 oC using Rayleigh interferometry. These coefficients were used to determine PEG-salt interaction. Furthermore, isopiestic experiments were performed to demonstrate that multicomponent diffusion yields accurate thermodynamic parameters. Fundamentally, this work has provided a significant contribution to the connection between diffusion and thermodynamics. Moreover, significant coupled diffusion between PEG and KCl was observed due to a large PEG hydration. Thus, PEG concentration gradients can be used to induce diffusion of other molecules in water for potential applications in controlled-release and micro-fluidic technologies.
Author: Jan C. J. Bart
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470012056
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 836
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Book Description
This industrially relevant resource covers all established and emerging analytical methods for the deformulation of polymeric materials, with emphasis on the non-polymeric components. Each technique is evaluated on its technical and industrial merits. Emphasis is on understanding (principles and characteristics) and industrial applicability. Extensively illustrated throughout with over 200 figures, 400 tables, and 3,000 references.
Author: Alexandr A. Berlin
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1498728596
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 357
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Book Description
Additives are selected depending on the type of polymers to which they will be added or the application for which they will be used. The appropriate selection of additives helps develop value-added plastics with improved durability as well as other advantages. This research book provides a range of modern techniques and new research on the use of a
Author: Kamalesh Sirkar
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 0521895731
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 923
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Book Description
A modern separation process textbook written for advanced undergraduate and graduate level courses in chemical engineering.
Author: Jianlei Wang
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832528333
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 94
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Book Description
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a manufacturing process that connects materials layer by layer to produce a solid object based on networked digital model files. Advantages of 3D printing over traditional manufacturing include less material consumption, lower costs, faster production process, customizable degrees of freedom and complexity of geometric shapes. The traditional manufacturing of a functional structural part often requires multiple independent process steps, while 3D printing can fabricate the same part in one step, enabling small batch production and customization of personalized products. Due to the diversity of materials available, 3D printing for polymer can be used to create lightweight complex structures in aerospace, models of architectural structures, art reproductions, and biological tissues and organs.
Author: Richard G Jones
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1847559425
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 465
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Book Description
The IUPAC system of polymer nomenclature has aided the generation of unambiguous names that re ect the historical development of chemistry. However, the explosion in the circulation of information and the globalization of human activities mean that it is now necessary to have a common language for use in legal situations, patents, export-import regulations, and environmental health and safety information. Rather than recommending a ‘unique name’ for each structure, rules have been developed for assigning ‘preferred IUPAC names’, while continuing to allow alternatives in order to preserve the diversity and adaptability of nomenclature. Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature is the only publication to collect the most important work on this subject into a single volume. It serves as a handy compendium for scientists and removes the need for time consuming literature searches. One of a series issued by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), it covers the terminology used in many and varied aspects of polymer science as well as the nomenclature of several di erent types of polymer including regular and irregular single-strand organic polymers, copolymers and regular double-strand (ladder and spiro) organic polymers.
