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Languages : en
Pages : 70
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The pCO2 of the surface ocean is controlled by a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Modeling surface ocean pCO2 is analogous to modeling sea surface temperature (SST), in that sea surface pCO2 is affected by fluxes across the air-sea interface and by exchange with deeper water. However, pCO2 is also affected by chemical and biological processes which have no analog in SST. Seawater pCO2 is buffered by pH equilibrium reactions between the species CO2, HCO3-, and CO3{sup =}. This effect provides an effective reservoir for CO2 in seawater that is 10 times larger than it would be for an unbuffered gas. The equilibrium between dissolved and atmospheric CO2 is sensitive to temperature, tending to higher pCO2 in warmer water. Biological export of carbon as sinking particles maintains a gradient of pCO2, with lower values near the surface (this processes is called the {open_quotes}biological pump{close_quotes}). In most of the ocean, biological activity removes all of the available nutrients from the surface water; that is, the rate of carbon export in these locations is limited by the rate of nutrient supply to the euphotic zone. However, in much of the high-latitude oceans, primary production does not deplete the euphotic zone of nutrients, a fact to which the atmospheric pCO2 is extraordinarily sensitive. Understanding the limits to phytoplankton growth in the high latitudes, and how these limits might change under different climatic regimes, is essential to prediction of future ocean uptake of fossil fuel CO2.
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Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Book Description
The pCO2 of the surface ocean is controlled by a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Modeling surface ocean pCO2 is analogous to modeling sea surface temperature (SST), in that sea surface pCO2 is affected by fluxes across the air-sea interface and by exchange with deeper water. However, pCO2 is also affected by chemical and biological processes which have no analog in SST. Seawater pCO2 is buffered by pH equilibrium reactions between the species CO2, HCO3-, and CO3{sup =}. This effect provides an effective reservoir for CO2 in seawater that is 10 times larger than it would be for an unbuffered gas. The equilibrium between dissolved and atmospheric CO2 is sensitive to temperature, tending to higher pCO2 in warmer water. Biological export of carbon as sinking particles maintains a gradient of pCO2, with lower values near the surface (this processes is called the {open_quotes}biological pump{close_quotes}). In most of the ocean, biological activity removes all of the available nutrients from the surface water; that is, the rate of carbon export in these locations is limited by the rate of nutrient supply to the euphotic zone. However, in much of the high-latitude oceans, primary production does not deplete the euphotic zone of nutrients, a fact to which the atmospheric pCO2 is extraordinarily sensitive. Understanding the limits to phytoplankton growth in the high latitudes, and how these limits might change under different climatic regimes, is essential to prediction of future ocean uptake of fossil fuel CO2.
Author: David Archer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 61
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 70
Get Book Here
Book Description
The pCO2 of the surface ocean is controlled by a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Modeling surface ocean pCO2 is analogous to modeling sea surface temperature (SST), in that sea surface pCO2 is affected by fluxes across the air-sea interface and by exchange with deeper water. However, pCO2 is also affected by chemical and biological processes which have no analog in SST. Seawater pCO2 is buffered by pH equilibrium reactions between the species CO2, HCO3-, and CO3{sup =}. This effect provides an effective reservoir for CO2 in seawater that is 10 times larger than it would be for an unbuffered gas. The equilibrium between dissolved and atmospheric CO2 is sensitive to temperature, tending to higher pCO2 in warmer water. Biological export of carbon as sinking particles maintains a gradient of pCO2, with lower values near the surface (this processes is called the {open_quotes}biological pump{close_quotes}). In most of the ocean, biological activity removes all of the available nutrients from the surface water; that is, the rate of carbon export in these locations is limited by the rate of nutrient supply to the euphotic zone. However, in much of the high-latitude oceans, primary production does not deplete the euphotic zone of nutrients, a fact to which the atmospheric pCO2 is extraordinarily sensitive. Understanding the limits to phytoplankton growth in the high latitudes, and how these limits might change under different climatic regimes, is essential to prediction of future ocean uptake of fossil fuel CO2.
Author: David Archer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Carbon dioxide
Languages : en
Pages : 86
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Author:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 63
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This report summarizes our current understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that control the natural cycling of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the surface ocean. Because the physics of mixing at the ocean surface creates the essential framework for the chemistry and biology, and because the literature on surface ocean mixing is extensive, a major focus of the report is to review existing mixed layer models for the upper ocean and their implementation in global ocean circulation models. Three families of mixed layer models have been developed. The integrated turbulent kinetic energy'' (TKE) models construct a budget for surface ocean TKE, using the wind stress as source and dissipation as sink for TKE. The shear instability'' models maintain profiles of current velocity resulting from the wind stress. Turbulence closure'' models are the most general and the most complicated of the three types, and are based on laboratory studies of fluid turbulence. This paper explores behavioral distinctions between the three types of models, and summarizes previously published comparisons of the generality, accuracy, and computational requirements of the three models. The application of mixed layer models to treatment of sea ice is also reviewed. 101 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.
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Languages : en
Pages : 13
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The goal of this project is to estimate the rate of biological oxygen production at Hawaiian Ocean Time-series station ALOHA in the central North Pacific ocean. Our approach is to use an upper ocean model together with measurements to interpret an annual cycle of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, argon, nitrogen, and the stable isotope ratio of oxygen at station ALOHA. This project represents the first upper ocean geochemical study in which model predictions are verifiable by independent measurements. Using the model, we will be able to assess the relative roles played by physical processes (air-sea gas exchange, air injection by bubbles, temperature-induced changes in gas solubility, trapping below the mixed layer, and diffusion) and biological processes (photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrient recycling) in producing the observed distribution of dissolved atmospheric gases. The long term goal of this project is to understand the utility of chemical tracers for quantifying biological processes in the ocean.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309454204
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 281
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The social cost of carbon (SC-CO2) is an economic metric intended to provide a comprehensive estimate of the net damages - that is, the monetized value of the net impacts, both negative and positive - from the global climate change that results from a small (1-metric ton) increase in carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions. Under Executive Orders regarding regulatory impact analysis and as required by a court ruling, the U.S. government has since 2008 used estimates of the SC-CO2 in federal rulemakings to value the costs and benefits associated with changes in CO2 emissions. In 2010, the Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases (IWG) developed a methodology for estimating the SC-CO2 across a range of assumptions about future socioeconomic and physical earth systems. Valuing Climate Changes examines potential approaches, along with their relative merits and challenges, for a comprehensive update to the current methodology. This publication also recommends near- and longer-term research priorities to ensure that the SC- CO2 estimates reflect the best available science.
Author: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atmospheric carbon dioxide
Languages : en
Pages : 188
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Author: Cabell S. Davis
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chemical oceanography
Languages : en
Pages : 322
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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