Mobility of Research Workers and Knowledge Diffusion as Evidence in Patent Data PDF Download
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Author: Michael Stolpe
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Michael Stolpe
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Michael Stolpe
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Author: Dana Xun Wang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Patents are widely regarded as a cornerstone of modern economies. This is evident in the discourse on the knowledge economy and the role of patents in the knowledge production function. Yet, few micro-level studies have examined how organizations and workers other than inventors routinely create patents. Furthermore, the meanings that social scientists have assigned to patents and patent data as representations and indicators of knowledge, search, and technology have not been substantiated. This interdisciplinary dissertation addresses these voids and examines patents as social objects. In my inductive study, I identify a social world around patents and subworlds that focus on the creation of patents as social artifacts, their utilization as representations and indicators, and their utilization as organizational resources. I find that contrary to the assumption that the inventor is the sole author of the patent, an invisible occupational field of participants shapes the invention that is embodied in the document over a four phase process. In my investigation of "References Cited, " I demonstrate that labels may not reflect what some think they mean. I find that the reference lists of patents are not like those in academic publications: only a fraction of the information listed under "References Cited" in a patent is cited in the text -- a finding that undermines the basis for the application of citation analysis to patents. Instead, the list is a product of information compliance. Participants are motivated by a legal duty to disclose categories of information and their response is shaped a host of strategic factors. Participants follow to the letter of the law when the law is unambiguous. When the law is ambiguous, they err on the side of caution: they disclose more information than may be necessary and selectively interpret information. Thus, the information in "Reference Cited" is a composite of different categories of information from many participants and legal concerns, not just the inventor or the examiner. This study raises questions about fundamental assumptions in studies that use patent data, namely the literature on knowledge flows, knowledge diffusion, organizational search, and ecological niches. To account for misalignment in meaning between subworlds of producers and engagers, I identify a three step model that leads to misalignment of meaning: lack of transparency and coordination during creation; incomplete objectivation; and selective mechanisms of engagement. Three conditions in the patent process contribute to missingness or absence in the final product. This absence creates opportunity for engagers to assign their own meanings. In the subworld that creates and uses patents, participants recognize that the primary purpose for creating patents is to fulfill organizational objectives. Because a patent is just one artifact in the life history of a resource, I identify a trajectory or a resource life cycle that encompasses the following phases: creation, development, deployment, and death. Through interaction with the institutional and dynamic environments, workers change resources over time, yielding different resource artifacts. When workers put these artifacts into use, the artifacts become resources-in-use. It is through the action and inaction of participants, that resources advance, retreat, fail to progress, and cease to exist. This study presents a dynamic account of individual resources shaped by agency and changing environmental conditions. This dissertation contributes to the sociology of intellectual property, economic sociology, information compliance, construction of resources, resource-based-view of the firm, organizational routines, and methodology in organizational studies and applied economies.
Author: April Mitchell Franco
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Diffusion of innovations
Languages : en
Pages : 47
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Author: Josh Lerner
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226473031
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 715
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Book Description
This volume offers contributions to questions relating to the economics of innovation and technological change. Central to the development of new technologies are institutional environments and among the topics discussed are the roles played by universities and the ways in which the allocation of funds affects innovation.
Author: Ajay K. Agrawal
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Diffusion of innovations
Languages : en
Pages : 33
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Book Description
Abstract: It is well known that patent citations occur disproportionately between patents issued to inventors living in the same location, which has been taken as evidence of geographically localized knowledge spillovers. In this study, we find that patent citations also occur disproportionately often in locations where the cited inventor was living prior to being issued the patent in question, which we interpret as evidence of a significant role played by social capital in promoting knowledge spillovers. We first develop a model of purposeful investments in social capital by co-located inventors that incorporates the effect of expected mobility. Using patent and citation data, we then test two hypotheses motivated by the model. First, we find strong evidence in support of the enduring social capital hypothesis; social ties that facilitate knowledge transfer persist even after formerly co-located individuals are separated. Consistent with the model, we find that individuals with higher ex ante mobility are somewhat less likely to invest in location-specific social relationships, but the pattern of spillovers implied by patent citations is consistent with them investing in those social relationships that survive subsequent geographic separation. Second, we find strong evidence that the social ties associated with co-location are particularly important for facilitating knowledge spillovers across technology fields or communities of practice where alternative mechanisms for transferring knowledge are more costly.
Author: Henk F. Moed
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402027559
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 791
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Book Description
This handbook offers a state-of-the-art overview of quantitative science and technology research. It focuses on the development and application of indicators derived from data on scientific or scholarly publications and patents. It comprises 34 chapters written by leading specialists in the various sub-domains. These chapters deal with theoretical and methodological issues, illustrate applications, and highlight their policy context and relevance. Authors present a survey of the research topics they address, and show their most recent achievements. The 34 chapters are arranged into 5 parts: Disciplinary Approaches; General Methodology; The Science System; The Technology System; and The Science–Technology Interface. The Editor’s Introduction provides a further specification of the handbook’s scope and of the main topics addressed in its chapters. This handbook aims at four distinct groups of readers: – practitioners in the field of science and technology studies; – research students in this field; – scientists, scholars and technicians who are interested in a systematic, thorough analysis of their activities; – policy makers and administrators who wish to be informed about the potentialities and limitations of the various approaches and about their results.
Author: David C. Mowery
Publisher: Stanford University Press
ISBN: 080479636X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 258
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Book Description
Since the early 1980s, universities in the United States have greatly expanded their patenting and licensing activities. The Congressional Joint Economic Committee, among other authorities, have argued that this surge contributed to the economic boom of the 1990s. And, many observers have attributed this trend to the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980. Using quantitative analysis and detailed case studies, this book tests that conventional wisdom and assesses the effects of the Act, examining the diverse channels through which commercialization has occurred over the 20th century and since the passage of the Act.
Author: Carsten Fink
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1316802752
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 325
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Book Description
The international mobility of talented individuals is a key part of globalization. In the quest to promote innovation and entrepreneurship, many governments have sought to attract skilled migrants from abroad, inciting both a global competition for talent and concerns about the displacement of domestic workers. This important new work investigates why skilled individuals migrate and how they shape innovation around the world. Using patent data from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), it charts patterns of high-skilled migration worldwide. In addition, contributions by leading migration scholars review the latest research insights, discuss new approaches to studying high-skilled migration and present fresh evidence on the causes and consequences of greater talent mobility. This book will prove invaluable to policymakers seeking to understand how migration policy choices affect innovation outcomes as well as academic researchers interested in the migration-innovation nexus.
Author: Ernest Miguelez
Publisher: WIPO
ISBN:
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 33
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Book Description
This paper has two objectives. First, it describes a new database mapping migratory patterns of inventors, extracted from information included in patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. It explains in detail the information contained in the database and discusses the usefulness and reliability of the underlying data. Second, the paper provides a descriptive overview of inventor migration patterns, based on the information contained in the newly constructed database.
