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ISBN: 9789464692327
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Summary This thesis describes multiple central and peripheral immune cell changes during aging, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). In the first chapters of this thesis, we investigated the effect of aging on the immune system and searched for the aging factors involved. In the later chapters, we investigated the immune response to AD and MS pathology. Aging During aging, a general decline in immune function occurs, ultimately contributing to increased susceptibility to infections in the elderly. We found that microglial morphological complexity declines during aging and can be modulated by peripheral levels of glucocorticoids. We further discovered that peripheral factors can induce age-associated changes in the brain, and thus potentially counteract them. Consequently, we hypothesize that modulating peripheral immunity via plasma factors, such as hormones and cytokines, could combat brain aging and associated pathology. Alzheimer’s disease AD is a neurodegenerative disease that ultimately causes dementia. One of the pathological hallmarks is the deposition of abnormal tau protein in the brain. We found that this deposition induced reactive and dystrophic microglia with increased lysosomal volumes containing abnormal tau and postsynaptic structures. Together, this shows that tauopathy induces a loss of homeostatic microglia that is potentially linked to a loss of synapses. Peripheral immune cells are associated with neurodegenerative diseases as well, although fewer research attempts have investigated these cells in the context of AD. We analyzed the peripheral immune landscape of AD patients at the early and late stages of the disease and found that levels of circulating CD8+ T cells with an effector memory phenotype increased before the onset of dementia. These CD8+ T cells expressed markers associated with T cell senescence and terminal differentiation.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789464692327
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Summary This thesis describes multiple central and peripheral immune cell changes during aging, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). In the first chapters of this thesis, we investigated the effect of aging on the immune system and searched for the aging factors involved. In the later chapters, we investigated the immune response to AD and MS pathology. Aging During aging, a general decline in immune function occurs, ultimately contributing to increased susceptibility to infections in the elderly. We found that microglial morphological complexity declines during aging and can be modulated by peripheral levels of glucocorticoids. We further discovered that peripheral factors can induce age-associated changes in the brain, and thus potentially counteract them. Consequently, we hypothesize that modulating peripheral immunity via plasma factors, such as hormones and cytokines, could combat brain aging and associated pathology. Alzheimer’s disease AD is a neurodegenerative disease that ultimately causes dementia. One of the pathological hallmarks is the deposition of abnormal tau protein in the brain. We found that this deposition induced reactive and dystrophic microglia with increased lysosomal volumes containing abnormal tau and postsynaptic structures. Together, this shows that tauopathy induces a loss of homeostatic microglia that is potentially linked to a loss of synapses. Peripheral immune cells are associated with neurodegenerative diseases as well, although fewer research attempts have investigated these cells in the context of AD. We analyzed the peripheral immune landscape of AD patients at the early and late stages of the disease and found that levels of circulating CD8+ T cells with an effector memory phenotype increased before the onset of dementia. These CD8+ T cells expressed markers associated with T cell senescence and terminal differentiation.
Author: Donna Jackson Nakazawa
Publisher: Ballantine Books
ISBN: 152479919X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 322
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Book Description
A thrilling story of scientific detective work and medical potential that illuminates the newly understood role of microglia—an elusive type of brain cell that is vitally relevant to our everyday lives. “The rarest of books: a combination of page-turning discovery and remarkably readable science journalism.”—Mark Hyman, MD, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Food: What the Heck Should I Eat? NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY WIRED Until recently, microglia were thought to be helpful but rather boring: housekeeper cells in the brain. But a recent groundbreaking discovery has revealed that they connect our physical and mental health in surprising ways. When triggered—and anything that stirs up the immune system in the body can activate microglia, including chronic stressors, trauma, and viral infections—they can contribute to memory problems, anxiety, depression, and Alzheimer’s. Under the right circumstances, however, microglia can be coaxed back into being angelic healers, able to make brain repairs in ways that help alleviate symptoms and hold the promise to one day prevent disease. With the compassion born of her own experience, award-winning journalist Donna Jackson Nakazawa illuminates this newly understood science, following practitioners and patients on the front lines of treatments that help to “reboot” microglia. In at least one case, she witnesses a stunning recovery—and in others, significant relief from pressing symptoms, offering new hope to the tens of millions who suffer from mental, cognitive, and physical health issues. Hailed as a “riveting,” “stunning,” and “visionary,” The Angel and the Assassin offers us a radically reconceived picture of human health and promises to change everything we thought we knew about how to heal ourselves.
Author: Elena Zenaro
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889765997
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 163
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Author: Javier Velázquez-Moctezuma
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
ISBN: 2889192741
Category : Neuroimmunology
Languages : en
Pages : 120
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Book Description
Neuroimmunology is a rapidly growing emerging field at which two old sciences have converged to integrate two different types of responses into a single coherent response involving the coordinated action of both systems, neural and immune. During long time it was thought that both systems worked separately and in divergent pathways. The brain was considered an immunoprivileged site and the immune organs were deemed as independent of any neural influence and also of nervous innervation. Time has gone and has proven that the borders between both systems were merely artificial. Since the beginning of Neuroimmunology in the 1980s much work has been done to elucidate the gates and fences in neuro-immune interactions. Brain was shown to be under the continuous surveillance of the immune system, even under basal physiological conditions in the absence of any pathology. Likely, it was found a profuse nervous innervation of lymphoid organs and even of single immune cells. Gates for direct neural immune communication were found both centrally and peripherally. Centrally, the gates, but also the fences, were situated at the brain barriers, the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and at the circunventricular organs. Peripherally, the fences constituted the apparent diverse nature of molecules involved in neural and immune signaling; however, time proved that both system were capable of producing the same signaling molecules and also systematically responded to the molecules released by the other system. Therefore, the gates were open for direct neural-immune communication at the peripheral level. This Research Topic aimed to include original reports, reviews and technical reports regarding the description of the gates and fences in neural immune interactions. We intended to provide an extensive view of the mechanisms governing central and peripheral neural-immune interactions, and the role of the borders, the blood-neural barriers, in the regulation of the neural-immune communication.
Author: Serge Nataf
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889668312
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Book Description
Author: Marie-Ève Tremblay
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1493914294
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 490
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Book Description
These past few years have witnessed a revolution in our understanding of microglia, especially since their roles in the healthy central nervous system (CNS) have started to unravel. These cells were shown to actively maintain health, in concert with neurons and other types of CNS cells, providing further insight into their involvement with diseases. Edited by two pioneers in the field, Marie-Ève Tremblay and Amanda Sierra, Microglia in health and disease aims to share with the broader scientific community some of the recent discoveries in microglia research, from a broad perspective, with a collection of 19 chapters from 52 specialists working in 11 countries across 5 continents. To set microglia on the stage, the book begins by explaining briefly who they are, what they do in the healthy and diseased CNS, and how they can be studied. The first section describes in more details their physiological roles in the maturation, function, and plasticity of the CNS, across development, adolescence, adulthood, neuropathic pain, addiction, and aging. The second section focuses on their implication in pathological conditions impairing the quality of life: neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, AIDS, and multiple sclerosis; and in leading causes of death: ischemia and stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, as well as trauma and injury.
Author:
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128211075
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 240
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Book Description
Glaucoma: A Pancitopatia of the Retina and Beyond, Volume 257, the latest release in the Progress in Brain Research series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters written by an international board of authors. Chapters in this volume include the Genetics of glaucoma, Artificial intelligence and deep learning in glaucoma detection and monitoring, The role of commensal microflora-induced T cells responses in glaucoma neurodegeneration, Retinal cell death in experimental glaucoma, Experimental and clinical evidence on the neuroprotective properties of Citicoline in glaucoma, Glaucoma neurodegeneration and myopia, Neuronal regeneration with pluripotent stem cells in glaucoma, and more. Covers all key aspects of current research on glaucoma Provides extensively referenced chapters, giving readers a comprehensive list of resources on topics covered Includes comprehensive and in-depth background information written in a clear form that is accessible to both specialists and non-specialists
Author: Rommy von Bernhardi
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319407643
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 348
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Book Description
A timely overview covering the three major types of glial cells in the central nervous system - astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. New findings on glia biology are overturning a century of conventional thinking about how the brain operates and are expanding our knowledge about information processing in the brain. The book will present recent research findings on the role of glial cells in both healthy function and disease. It will comprehensively cover a broad spectrum of topics while remaining compact in size.
Author: Wei Wang
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832538193
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 147
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Book Description
Author: Frederic Bost
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889634078
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 134
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Book Description
