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Author: G. Rickheit
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080536220
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 427
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Book Description
In this interdisciplinary discussion on mental models, researchers from various areas in cognitive science tackle the following questions: What is a mental model? What are the prospects and limitations in applying the mental model notion in cognitive science? How can the ideas on the nature of mental models and their mode of operation be empirically substantiated? The primary goal of the research group was to work out a definition of mental models that embraces the overall use of this construct in cognitive science as well as the more specific conceptions used in particular research domains such as cognitive linguistics. Theoretical claims about the properties of mental models were discussed and their tenability evaluated against the empirical evidence.The volume is divided into three parts. Fundamental aspects of mental models are presented in the first section, the following part contains contributions to the function of mental models in discourse processing, and finally problems of mental models in reasoning and problem solving are outlined.
Author: G. Rickheit
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080536220
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 427
Get Book Here
Book Description
In this interdisciplinary discussion on mental models, researchers from various areas in cognitive science tackle the following questions: What is a mental model? What are the prospects and limitations in applying the mental model notion in cognitive science? How can the ideas on the nature of mental models and their mode of operation be empirically substantiated? The primary goal of the research group was to work out a definition of mental models that embraces the overall use of this construct in cognitive science as well as the more specific conceptions used in particular research domains such as cognitive linguistics. Theoretical claims about the properties of mental models were discussed and their tenability evaluated against the empirical evidence.The volume is divided into three parts. Fundamental aspects of mental models are presented in the first section, the following part contains contributions to the function of mental models in discourse processing, and finally problems of mental models in reasoning and problem solving are outlined.
Author: Michael I. Posner
Publisher: MIT Press (MA)
ISBN:
Category : Cognition
Languages : en
Pages : 970
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Book Description
What is cognitive science? The Foundations of Cognitive Science answers this question in a way that gives a feeling for the excitement, ferment, and accomplishments of this new field. It is the first broad treatment of cognitive science at an advanced level. Complete and authoritative, The Foundations of Cognitive Science covers the major architectures; provides background in philosophy linguistics, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience; and deals with methods for studying both brain and mind. All of the chapters have been written especially for the book by the leading scholars in the field. The foundations of cognitive science are developed in seven chapters covering computation, symbolic architectures, parallel distributed processing, grammars, semantics and formal logic, experimental cognitive science, and brain and cognition. These are then applied to the major cognitive domains of language acquisition, reading, discourse, mental models, categories and induction, problem solving, vision, visual attention, memory, action and motor control. The Foundations of Cognitive Science concludes with an assessment by a philosopher and a cognitive anthropologist. Michael I. Posner is Professor of Psychology at the University of Oregon. A Bradford Book. Contributors: Herbert A. SimonCraig A. KaplanZenon W. PylyshynAllen NewellJohn E. LairdPaul S. RosenbloomDavid E. RumelhartThomas WasowJon BarwiseJohn EtchemendyGordon H. BawerJohn P. ClapperTerrence J. SejnowskiPatricia Smith ChurchlandSteven PinkerAlexander PollatsekKeith RaynerBarbara J. GroszCandace L. SidnerMartha E. PollackP. N. Johnson-LairdEdward E. SmithKurt VanLehnEllen C. HildrethShimon UllmanAlan AllportDaniel L. SchacterDavid A. RosenbaumMichael I. JordanE. BizziF. A. Mussa IvaldiRoy D'AndradeGilbert Harman Contents: Computation, Symbolic Architectures, Parallel Distributed Processing, Grammars, Semantics and Formal Logic, Experimental Cognitive Science, Brain and Cognition, Language Acquisition, Reading, Discourse, Mental Models, Categories and Induction, Problem Solving, Vision, Visual Attention, Memory, Action, Motor Control, Culture, Philosophical Critique
Author: Thomas Barkowsky
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3540361944
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 189
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Book Description
In cognitive science, mental representations of spatial knowledge are metaphorically referred to as cognitive maps. However, investigations in cognitive psychology reveal that the cognitive map metaphor is inadequate and that more suitable conceptions of human spatial knowledge processing are needed. This book addresses mental processing of knowledge about geographic space from an AI point of view by presenting an experimental computational modeling approach. Results about human memory and visual mental imagery from cognitive psychology are combined with AI techniques of spatial and diagrammatic knowledge processing. The author develops the diagrammatic reasoning architecture MIRAGE as a comprehensive conception of human geographic knowledge processing.
Author: Carsten Held
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080459013
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 286
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Book Description
"Cognitive psychology," "cognitive neuroscience," and "philosophy of mind" are names for three very different scientific fields, but they label aspects of the same scientific goal: to understand the nature of mental phenomena. Today, the three disciplines strongly overlap under the roof of the cognitive sciences. The book's purpose is to present views from the different disciplines on one of the central theories in cognitive science: the theory of mental models. Cognitive psychologists report their research on the representation and processing of mental models in human memory. Cognitive neuroscientists demonstrate how the brain processes visual and spatial mental models and which neural processes underlie visual and spatial thinking. Philosophers report their ideas about the role of mental models in relation to perception, emotion, representation, and intentionality. The single articles have different and mutually complementing goals: to introduce new empirical methods and approaches, to report new experimental results, and to locate competing approaches for their interpretation in the cross-disciplinary debate. The book is strongly interdisciplinary in character. It is especially addressed to researchers in any field related to mental models theory as both a reference book and an overview of present research on the topic in other disciplines. However, it is also an ideal reader for a specialized graduate course. Examines the theory of mental models from the perspectives of cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience and philosophy of the mind Introduces new empirical methods, experimental results, and interdisciplinary yet complementary approaches Serves as a reference book and an overview of current research
Author: Robert R. Hoffman
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 0805855106
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 560
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Book Description
Researchers have revealed that real expertise, while applied to well-defined tasks with highly circumscribed contexts, often stretches beyond its routine boundaries. For example, a medical doctor may be called upon to diagnose a rare disease or perform emergency surgery outside his or her area of specialization because other experts are not available. Moreover, in some cases, the context for expertise is in a constant state of flux, such that no one case is identical. Expertise Out of Context is a culmination of some of the most insightful studies conducted by researchers in the fields of cognitive systems engineering and naturalistic decision making in the effort to better understand expertise and its development. Born out of the Sixth International Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making, a conference that gathers researchers who study cognition, perception, and reasoning outside of the traditional laboratory, this book is organized in five parts, the first of which provides an overview of the topic and presents varied perspectives. Consequent sections cover how to make sense of things, tools for thinking out of context, how to cope with uncertainty in a changing workplace, and teams operating out of context. As researchers in naturalistic decision making have investigated such areas as the knowledge and decision-making skills of expert firefighters, critical care nurses, military commanders, and aircraft pilots, this volume is of importance to an expansive audience, including individuals in business, government, industry, and society at large.
Author: Christian Freksa
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540454608
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 432
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Book Description
This book constitutes the second volume documenting the results achieved within a priority program on spatial cognition by the German Science Foundation (DFG).The 28 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and reflect the increased interdisciplinary cooperation in the area. The book is divided into sections on maps and diagrams, motion and spatial reference, spatial relations and spatial inference, navigation in real and virtual spaces, and spatial memory.
Author: Nader N. Chokr
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443869651
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 425
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Book Description
The essays included in this collection deal with a wide and diverse range of problems and issues: namely, Cultural Complexity; Globalization; Glocalization; Relativism; Bullshit; Embodied and Situated Cognition; Capabilities Approach; Moral Universalism; Solidarity; Cosmopolitanism; Pluralism; Human Rights; Justice; and “Philosophy” after the end of Philosophy. This work takes its main title from the last essay, in which the author makes an effort to rethink the nature and purpose of “philosophy” for our times, sketching a proposal for a new beginning for philosophy as “critical philosophy.” Such a philosophy would have a clear and compelling emancipatory thrust. At this point in human history, it would have to be underwritten by an ethical universalism that is pluralistic, historically enlightened and non-ethnocentric. In addition, it would take seriously the consequences of complexity in a world that is increasingly interconnected and interdependent, yet still so far apart, and would be prepared to draw the full implications of the embodied and situated cognition paradigm shift which has taken place in the past few decades. It would, furthermore, take aim at the bullshit, in all of its manifestations, that is so pervasive in various quarters throughout the whole of culture and society. Finally, it would effectively contribute to the articulation and elaboration of the kinds of concepts, frameworks, narratives and practices, generally speaking, which could somehow enable humans to rise to the next level in their understanding of the globalizing and glocalizing world in which they live, and which is, as is common knowledge, dramatically confronted by a number of serious challenges, grave risks and threats, dismal shortcomings and failures. This work offers compelling analyses and diagnostics, and makes some sketch-proposals to urgently grapple with them.
Author: Amalia Amaya
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1782255176
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 601
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Book Description
In recent years coherence theories of law and adjudication have been extremely influential in legal scholarship. These theories significantly advance the case for coherentism in law. Nonetheless, there remain a number of problems in the coherence theory in law. This ambitious new work makes the first concerted attempt to develop a coherence-based theory of legal reasoning, and in so doing addresses, or at least mitigates these problems. The book is organized in three parts. The first part provides a critical analysis of the main coherentist approaches to both normative and factual reasoning in law. The second part investigates the coherence theory in a number of fields that are relevant to law: coherence theories of epistemic justification, coherentist approaches to belief revision and theory-choice in science, coherence theories of practical and moral reasoning and coherence-based approaches to discourse interpretation. Taking this interdisciplinary analysis as a starting point, the third part develops a coherence-based model of legal reasoning. While this model builds upon the standard theory of legal reasoning, it also leads to rethinking some of the basic assumptions that characterize this theory, and suggests some lines along which it may be further developed. Thus, ultimately, the book not only improves upon the current state of coherence theory in law, but also contributes to the larger debate about how to articulate a theory of legal reasoning that results in better decision-making.
Author: Alan Garnham
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 1134951094
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 222
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Book Description
The interpretation of anaphora - how we interpret expressions such as definite pronouns (he, she, it) and verbal elliptical phrases (such as "did so, too") in the course of ordinary conversation or reading - is an important aspect of language comprehension. In this book the author examines the research and evidence on anaphor interpretation within the context of the mental models theory of comprehension, arguing that the notion of a mental model is essential to the detailed description of the processes of anaphor resolution. The general philosophy of the mental models approach and the nature of mental models themselves and their role in language processing is discussed, followed by a review of methodological issues that bear on the interpretation of psychological research findings. Against this background, the author's own research on areas such as deep and surface anaphora, reference into anaphoric islands, the role of implicit causality in anaphor resolution and the use of pronouns to refer to characters introduced by stereotyped role names is presented. At all times the author's research is set within the context of the general literature on anaphor resolution derived from the disciplines of linguistics, psycholinguistics, philosophy and computational linguistics, ensuring that the book will be of interest to advanced students and researchers in these fields.
Author: Michael G. Shafto
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 9780805829419
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 1138
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Book Description
This volume features the complete text of the material presented at the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Papers have been loosely grouped by topic and an author index is provided in the back. As in previous years, the symposium included an interesting mixture of papers on many topics from researchers with diverse backgrounds and different goals, presenting a multifaceted view of cognitive science. In hopes of facilitating searches of this work, an electronic index on the Internet's World Wide Web is provided. Titles, authors, and summaries of all the papers published here have been placed in an online database which may be freely searched by anyone. You can reach the web site at: www-csli.stanford.edu/cogsci97.
