Linear Energy Transfer Spectra and Dose Equivalents of Galactic Radiation Exposure in Space PDF Download
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Author: Hermann J. Schaefer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Extraterrestrial radiation
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
In assessing the astronaut's exposure from galactic cosmic rays on space missions of long duration conversion of absorbed doses to dose equivalents is required. Since a large part of the dose contribution from heavy primaries is produced at Linear Energy Transfer (LET) values beyond the range for which radiobiological data are available, it seems preferable to analyze the LET distributions themselves and to compare them to standard x-rays rather than to assume arbitrary values for the Relative Biological Effectiveness(RBE). The local LET distributions in tissue are found to be extremely skewed, with a large maximum at the relativistic minimum LET. Lined up on the LET scale, they cover the very wide interval from 0.18 to 2790 kev/micron T as compared to an interval from 0.4 to 35 kev/micron T for standard x-rays. Applying the RBE formula of the RBE Committee of the ICRP and a saturation value of 10 leads to a grand mean RBE of 1.82 for the total absorbed dose of 13 millirads/24 hours from primaries. (Author).
Author: Hermann J. Schaefer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Extraterrestrial radiation
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
In assessing the astronaut's exposure from galactic cosmic rays on space missions of long duration conversion of absorbed doses to dose equivalents is required. Since a large part of the dose contribution from heavy primaries is produced at Linear Energy Transfer (LET) values beyond the range for which radiobiological data are available, it seems preferable to analyze the LET distributions themselves and to compare them to standard x-rays rather than to assume arbitrary values for the Relative Biological Effectiveness(RBE). The local LET distributions in tissue are found to be extremely skewed, with a large maximum at the relativistic minimum LET. Lined up on the LET scale, they cover the very wide interval from 0.18 to 2790 kev/micron T as compared to an interval from 0.4 to 35 kev/micron T for standard x-rays. Applying the RBE formula of the RBE Committee of the ICRP and a saturation value of 10 leads to a grand mean RBE of 1.82 for the total absorbed dose of 13 millirads/24 hours from primaries. (Author).
Author: Cornelius A. Tobias
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1483273865
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 665
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Book Description
Space Radiation Biology and Related Topics provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of space radiation biology. This book discusses space radiation hazards as well as the importance of natural radiations in the processes of biogenesis. Organized into 12 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the fundamental aspects of radiobiology. This text then discusses the theoretical treatments of the chronic radiation response and the applicability of some of its features in extended manned space missions. Other chapters review the literature on models for recovery from radiation damage to some cellular systems. This book discusses as well the effects of radiations on mammals, with emphasis on those effects pertinent to the space-flight situation. The final chapter deals with the safety of nuclear power in space and explains the three types of nuclear devices designed for power production in space. This book is a valuable resource for radiologists, radiobiologists, and radiotherapists.
Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 376
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Book Description
Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Author: P.K.F. Grieder
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080530052
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1117
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Book Description
In 1912 Victor Franz Hess made the revolutionary discovery that ionizing radiation is incident upon the Earth from outer space. He showed with ground-based and balloon-borne detectors that the intensity of the radiation did not change significantly between day and night. Consequently, the sun could not be regarded as the sources of this radiation and the question of its origin remained unanswered. Today, almost one hundred years later the question of the origin of the cosmic radiation still remains a mystery.Hess' discovery has given an enormous impetus to large areas of science, in particular to physics, and has played a major role in the formation of our current understanding of universal evolution. For example, the development of new fields of research such as elementary particle physics, modern astrophysics and cosmology are direct consequences of this discovery. Over the years the field of cosmic ray research has evolved in various directions: Firstly, the field of particle physics that was initiated by the discovery of many so-called elementary particles in the cosmic radiation. There is a strong trend from the accelerator physics community to reenter the field of cosmic ray physics, now under the name of astroparticle physics. Secondly, an important branch of cosmic ray physics that has rapidly evolved in conjunction with space exploration concerns the low energy portion of the cosmic ray spectrum. Thirdly, the branch of research that is concerned with the origin, acceleration and propagation of the cosmic radiation represents a great challenge for astrophysics, astronomy and cosmology. Presently very popular fields of research have rapidly evolved, such as high-energy gamma ray and neutrino astronomy. In addition, high-energy neutrino astronomy may soon initiate as a likely spin-off neutrino tomography of the Earth and thus open a unique new branch of geophysical research of the interior of the Earth. Finally, of considerable interest are the biological and medical aspects of the cosmic radiation because of it ionizing character and the inevitable irradiation to which we are exposed. This book is a reference manual for researchers and students of cosmic ray physics and associated fields and phenomena. It is not intended to be a tutorial. However, the book contains an adequate amount of background materials that its content should be useful to a broad community of scientists and professionals. The present book contains chiefly a data collection in compact form that covers the cosmic radiation in the vicinity of the Earth, in the Earth's atmosphere, at sea level and underground. Included are predominantly experimental but also theoretical data. In addition the book contains related data, definitions and important relations. The aim of this book is to offer the reader in a single volume a readily available comprehensive set of data that will save him the need of frequent time consuming literature searches.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nuclear energy
Languages : en
Pages : 516
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Book Description
Author: Arthur Reetz
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Space vehicles
Languages : en
Pages : 644
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Government publications
Languages : en
Pages : 1078
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Book Description
Author: Jeffrey R. Davis, M.D.
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 9780781774666
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 756
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Book Description
Now in its Fourth Edition with a new editorial team, this comprehensive text addresses all medical and public health issues involved in the care of crews, passengers, and support personnel of aircraft and space vehicles. Coverage includes human physiology under flight conditions, clinical medicine in the aerospace environment, and the impact of the aviation industry on global public health. This edition features new chapters on radiation, toxicology and microbiology, dental considerations in aerospace medicine, women's health issues, commercial human space flight, space exploration, and unique aircraft including parachuting. Other highlights include significant new information on respiratory diseases, cardiovascular medicine, infectious disease transmission, and human response to acceleration.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cross sections (Nuclear physics)
Languages : en
Pages : 52
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Book Description
Author: Hermann J. Schaefer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Space radiobiology
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
Natural radiation levels in the biosphere on Earth vary from 6 microrem/hr over the ocean to values 300 times larger in certain geologic territories. The upper end of this scale overlaps the lowest galactic radiation levels in space. Except for acute radiation exposure in the radiation belt or from solar protons, the radiation environment in space would not seem to constitute a basic obstacle to man's survival in space. Since proton storm shelters on the Moon or planets could be built with indigenous rock, only galactic exposure has to be dealt with in long-term missions. This exposure can be expected to result in inconspicuous chronic damage, such as life shortening which can be estimated to amount to 25 per cent of the time spent in space. As far as acute effects from trapped or solar particles are concerned, these comparatively soft radiations will mainly affect the skin, possibly producing erythema or more severe skin damage, with bone marrow and intestines remaining essentially intact. Operationally, this problem would require the main attention to be focused on in-fight medical care. (Author).
