Laminar Circuit Organization and Inhibitory Neuronal Control of Primary Visual Cortex PDF Download
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Author: Nicholas David Olivas
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781303117213
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Book Description
The structure of neuronal circuitry in primary visual cortex (V1) is sculpted by the occurrence of three distinct events: spontaneous retinal waves in early postnatal life, visual experience following eye opening, and the critical period during adolescence. Following the critical period, visual responses measured in cortex remain stable - suggesting a permanent maturation of cortical circuits that last a lifetime. Primary visual cortex is comprised of 6 radially stacked layers that respond to visual input from lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and subsequently relays information to extrastriate areas to engage higher visual processes. Despite known fundamental principles cortical organization, missing is a detailed understanding of the connectivity between specific neuronal types across V1 layers and the changes in connectivity accompanying cortical maturation. In this dissertation, we provide new insight into the laminar organization and response properties of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in local V1 circuits following eye opening and during the critical period. The studies described here use innovative optical and genetic tools to selectively turn on and silence activity in specific groups of neurons in V1. Single cell patch clamp recordings combined with glutamate uncaging and laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) enabled comprehensive mapping of the spatial distribution and strength of synaptic connectivity in precise V1 circuits during distinct phases of V1 development. In the introduction, we present a general overview of V1 anatomy and the dominant cell types facilitating visual processing in V1 circuits. Chapters 1-3 investigate V1 circuitry days after eye opening but prior to the onset of the critical period. In Chapter 1, we review recent technical development in our laboratory used to provide the first account of functional connectivity between interconnected layers in mouse V1. In Chapter 2, we demonstrate how discrete layers in V1 interact when simultaneously activated and reveal temporally sensitive increases in local inhibition contributed by Parvalbumin (PV) expressing inhibitory neurons which constrain the flow of excitatory information in local V1 circuits. Chapter 3 presents extensive mapping data of aggregate excitatory and inhibitory inputs made to individual pyramidal cells in layers 2/3, 4, 5a, 5b, and 6 in V1. Our results demonstrate that days following eye opening, the distribution of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to pyramidal cells is spatially coupled across layers. In Chapter 4, we provide the first account of cell type specific changes initiating ocular dominance plasticity in V1 during the critical period in awake mice in vivo and by using local circuit analyses in vitro. We show that brief 24 hour monocular deprivation during the critical period (cMD) results in a dramatic decrease of visually evoked responses in L2/3 PV cells and an increase in activity in L2/3 pyramidal cells in vivo. In vitro local circuit mapping revealed that these cell type specific changes to visual stimuli are caused by a weakening of L4 and L5a excitatory inputs onto L2/3 PV cells but not L2/3 pyramidal cells following brief monocular deprivation.
Author: Nicholas David Olivas
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781303117213
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Book Description
The structure of neuronal circuitry in primary visual cortex (V1) is sculpted by the occurrence of three distinct events: spontaneous retinal waves in early postnatal life, visual experience following eye opening, and the critical period during adolescence. Following the critical period, visual responses measured in cortex remain stable - suggesting a permanent maturation of cortical circuits that last a lifetime. Primary visual cortex is comprised of 6 radially stacked layers that respond to visual input from lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and subsequently relays information to extrastriate areas to engage higher visual processes. Despite known fundamental principles cortical organization, missing is a detailed understanding of the connectivity between specific neuronal types across V1 layers and the changes in connectivity accompanying cortical maturation. In this dissertation, we provide new insight into the laminar organization and response properties of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in local V1 circuits following eye opening and during the critical period. The studies described here use innovative optical and genetic tools to selectively turn on and silence activity in specific groups of neurons in V1. Single cell patch clamp recordings combined with glutamate uncaging and laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) enabled comprehensive mapping of the spatial distribution and strength of synaptic connectivity in precise V1 circuits during distinct phases of V1 development. In the introduction, we present a general overview of V1 anatomy and the dominant cell types facilitating visual processing in V1 circuits. Chapters 1-3 investigate V1 circuitry days after eye opening but prior to the onset of the critical period. In Chapter 1, we review recent technical development in our laboratory used to provide the first account of functional connectivity between interconnected layers in mouse V1. In Chapter 2, we demonstrate how discrete layers in V1 interact when simultaneously activated and reveal temporally sensitive increases in local inhibition contributed by Parvalbumin (PV) expressing inhibitory neurons which constrain the flow of excitatory information in local V1 circuits. Chapter 3 presents extensive mapping data of aggregate excitatory and inhibitory inputs made to individual pyramidal cells in layers 2/3, 4, 5a, 5b, and 6 in V1. Our results demonstrate that days following eye opening, the distribution of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to pyramidal cells is spatially coupled across layers. In Chapter 4, we provide the first account of cell type specific changes initiating ocular dominance plasticity in V1 during the critical period in awake mice in vivo and by using local circuit analyses in vitro. We show that brief 24 hour monocular deprivation during the critical period (cMD) results in a dramatic decrease of visually evoked responses in L2/3 PV cells and an increase in activity in L2/3 pyramidal cells in vivo. In vitro local circuit mapping revealed that these cell type specific changes to visual stimuli are caused by a weakening of L4 and L5a excitatory inputs onto L2/3 PV cells but not L2/3 pyramidal cells following brief monocular deprivation.
Author: Henry Kennedy
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319277774
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 173
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Book Description
This book has brought together leading investigators who work in the new arena of brain connectomics. This includes ‘macro-connectome’ efforts to comprehensively chart long-distance pathways and functional networks; ‘micro-connectome’ efforts to identify every neuron, axon, dendrite, synapse, and glial process within restricted brain regions; and ‘meso-connectome’ efforts to systematically map both local and long-distance connections using anatomical tracers. This book highlights cutting-edge methods that can accelerate progress in elucidating static ‘hard-wired’ circuits of the brain as well as dynamic interactions that are vital for brain function. The power of connectomic approaches in characterizing abnormal circuits in the many brain disorders that afflict humankind is considered. Experts in computational neuroscience and network theory provide perspectives needed for synthesizing across different scales in space and time. Altogether, this book provides an integrated view of the challenges and opportunities in deciphering brain circuits in health and disease.
Author: Marley Rossa
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
A distinguishing feature of the mammalian cerebral cortex is its laminar architecture, each layer containing a unique composition of neuronal types with distinct morphologies, molecular markers, and electrophysiological properties. These neurons form precise, specific synaptic connections with one another to form complex microcircuits that underlie sensory information processing. By compartmentalizing computation into layers, the cortex can efficiently channel and transform information to represent and interact with the external world. Therefore, deciphering the precise input and output connectivity structure of different neuronal types in the context of their respective layers is necessary to fully appreciate their unique functional roles in the representation and manipulation of sensory information. This dissertation builds on the traditional idea of a canonical interlaminar circuit by characterizing fundamental intracortical connections between excitatory and inhibitory cell types. Chapter 1 explores the relative functional input distributions from 5 layer-specific excitatory subpopulations to 4 cell types in mouse primary visual cortex (V1). By optogenetically activating these excitatory subpopulations and recording from targeted excitatory and inhibitory subtypes across cortical layers 2/3-6, I elucidate a complex interlaminar network that provides a novel framework for visual information processing. In Chapter 2, I approach the interlaminar connectivity of mouse V1 from a transcriptomic perspective using our newly developed method Single Transcriptome Assisted Rabies Tracing (START). By combining rabies tracing using glycoprotein (G)-deleted rabies virus (RVdG) with snRNAseq, we identify, and transcriptomic ally characterize cells projecting to the same layer-specific subpopulations as in Chapter 1. We find that START generates results consistent with established circuit models validating the utility of START as a circuit tracing tool. More importantly, with the increased cell type granularity achieved with transcriptomic characterization of inputs, we were able to uncover specific subtypes of somatostatin and parvalbumin interneurons that provide input to excitatory cells across layers. Taken together, findings from Chapters 1 and 2 demonstrate layer and cell type specificity in cortical circuit structure, indicating that a cell's laminar position and synaptic connectivity are deeply intertwined with its functional role. Understanding cell type diversity in the context of circuit architecture forms the foundation of a novel framework for cortical information processing.
Author: Chenmei Jennie Chen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Book Description
Author: Michael M. Halassa
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108632742
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 1325
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Book Description
The thalamus is a key structure in the mammalian brain, providing a hub for communication within and across distributed forebrain networks. Research in this area has undergone a revolution in the last decade, with findings that suggest an expanded role for the thalamus in sensory processing, motor control, arousal regulation, and cognition. Moving beyond previous studies of anatomy and cell neurochemistry, scientists have expanded into investigations of cognitive function, and harness new methods and theories of neural computation. This book provides a survey of topics at the cutting edge of this field, covering basic anatomy, evolution, development, physiology and computation. It is also the first book to combine these disciplines in one place, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of thalamus research, and will be an essential resource for students and experts in biology, medicine and computer science.
Author: Jami Lynn Milton
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 342
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Book Description
Author: Gordon M. Shepherd
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190636114
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 625
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Book Description
In order to focus on principles, each chapter in this work is brief, organized around 1-3 wiring diagrams of the key circuits, with several pages of text that distil the functional significance of each microcircuit
Author: Bertram Payne
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0080525326
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 733
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Book Description
Written by experts on the forefront of investigations of brain function, vision, and perception, the material presented is of an unparalleled scientific quality, and shows that analyses of enormous breadth and sophistication are required to probe the structure and function of brain regions. The articles are highly persuasive in showing what can be achieved by carrying out careful and imaginative experiments. The Cat Primary Visual Cortex should emerge as essential reading for all those interested in cerebral cortical processing of visual signals or researching or working in any field of vision. Comprehensive account of cat primary visual cortex Generous use of illustrations including color Covers research from structure to connections to functions Chapters by leaders in the field Topics presneted on multiple, compatible levels
Author: Bassam V. Atallah
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781124545011
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 140
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Book Description
We are surrounded by a world, which makes sense, only because we make sense of it. At every instant in our waking life we estimate the state of the world based on sensory data, then we reshape the world to meet our goals. How are these sensations encoded, goals represented and action computed? To answer these questions we dissect the biological circuitry in our brains that seamlessly performs these computations. To study the dynamics of neural circuits, we specifically focus on the role inhibition in shaping signal processing. This work examines how inhibitory circuits process increasingly complex forms of afferent input. First, we characterize and model local circuit responses to brief impulses of afferent activity. We find that local circuits generate feedforward inhibition in the first few milliseconds after an afferent impulse. This inhibition adjusts the excitability of the local population normalizing it to the afferent excitation level. Then, in the next few milliseconds, as individual local pyramidal cells spike they immediately recruit a distinct recurrent inhibitory circuit. This feedback circuit is extremely sensitive responding with negative feedback when even a single local pyramidal cell is active. By modeling the circuit dynamics during these stages in cortical processing we quantitatively demonstrate that the feedforward and feedback inhibitory circuits are tuned to be both sensitive to sparse activity and yet maintain fidelity with which a cortical circuit represents inputs at high activity levels. Next, the role inhibition during spontaneous rhythmic activity is dissected. Our results demonstrate that by rapidly balancing excitation with inhibition, cortical networks can swiftly modulate rhythms over a wide band of frequencies. Finally, we investigate the role of a distinct type of inhibitory interneuron during the first stage of cortical visual processing. Using optogenetics to either enhance or suppress parvalbumin positive interneurons spiking, we demonstrate that these neurons play a key role in modulating the selectivity of responses in primary visual cortex. Together, these results demonstrate the multifaceted role inhibitory circuits play in signal processing and shaping cortical computation; adding to our communal effort to develop a complete picture of how neural circuitry performs computations and encodes sensation.
Author: Stephane Molotchnikoff
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9535107607
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 427
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Book Description
The neurosciences have experienced tremendous and wonderful progress in many areas, and the spectrum encompassing the neurosciences is expansive. Suffice it to mention a few classical fields: electrophysiology, genetics, physics, computer sciences, and more recently, social and marketing neurosciences. Of course, this large growth resulted in the production of many books. Perhaps the visual system and the visual cortex were in the vanguard because most animals do not produce their own light and offer thus the invaluable advantage of allowing investigators to conduct experiments in full control of the stimulus. In addition, the fascinating evolution of scientific techniques, the immense productivity of recent research, and the ensuing literature make it virtually impossible to publish in a single volume all worthwhile work accomplished throughout the scientific world. The days when a single individual, as Diderot, could undertake the production of an encyclopedia are gone forever. Indeed most approaches to studying the nervous system are valid and neuroscientists produce an almost astronomical number of interesting data accompanied by extremely worthy hypotheses which in turn generate new ventures in search of brain functions. Yet, it is fully justified to make an encore and to publish a book dedicated to visual cortex and beyond. Many reasons validate a book assembling chapters written by active researchers. Each has the opportunity to bind together data and explore original ideas whose fate will not fall into the hands of uncompromising reviewers of traditional journals. This book focuses on the cerebral cortex with a large emphasis on vision. Yet it offers the reader diverse approaches employed to investigate the brain, for instance, computer simulation, cellular responses, or rivalry between various targets and goal directed actions. This volume thus covers a large spectrum of research even though it is impossible to include all topics in the extremely diverse field of neurosciences.
