Journeys to the Federative Republic of Brazil; Review & Analysis PDF Download
Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download Journeys to the Federative Republic of Brazil; Review & Analysis PDF full book. Access full book title Journeys to the Federative Republic of Brazil; Review & Analysis by Kalman Dubov. Download full books in PDF and EPUB format.
Author: Kalman Dubov
Publisher: Kalman Dubov
ISBN:
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 329
Get Book Here
Book Description
Unlike other Central or South American countries, Brazil is the only country that speaks Portuguese. In the late 15th century, Spain and Portugal divided the world and signed the Treaty of Tordesillas to formalize their intended world conquests. This was the Age of Discovery, when men of resolve and courage sought fame and fortune by conquering the rest of the world. Portuguese sailors came to Brazil, claiming the territory for their monarch. Soon, other European powers realized the importance of this land and sought to remove the Portuguese. An example was the Dutch who conquered a part of Brazil for a few short years. However, the Portuguese soon returned and the Dutch were forced to relinquish their territory. While the history of Brazil is filled with European powers vying to control this territory, its effect on the indigenous population was a disaster. Millions of Indigenous died from diseases for which they had no immunity as from slavery. When the Indigenous men and women in Brazil died as a result of the harsh working conditions, millions of slaves were imported from Africa. Today, Brazil's population has many of their descendants, forcing the country to reckon with their needs and cultural heritage. This book describes the story of Brazil, from what is known of its Indigenous population, their decimation, and their demand for more than survival in this land. But Brazilian politics is not for the fainthearted, as leaders, both named and elected, trampled on the Indigenous communities to forcefully gain economically. While Brazil is indeed a South American powerhouse, its favelas, crime, and illicit drugs, are a stark reminder that a sizeable proportion of the needy requires attention. This book is also the story of the Jewish population who sought refuge in Brazil in the past. Sephardic Jews came to this country seeking refuge from the anti-Semitic Portuguese who had expelled them from Iberia in 1497. The Portuguese came with the Inquisition and imposed harsh sentences on Jews who lived outwardly as Catholics but inwardly as Jews. They briefly found a safe haven in Dutch Brazil, but as soon as the Portuguese returned, they were forced to flee. Today, many thousands of Jews have helped make Brazil the success it is. But their story is one of travail, loss, and hard-won challenges.
Author: Kalman Dubov
Publisher: Kalman Dubov
ISBN:
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 329
Get Book Here
Book Description
Unlike other Central or South American countries, Brazil is the only country that speaks Portuguese. In the late 15th century, Spain and Portugal divided the world and signed the Treaty of Tordesillas to formalize their intended world conquests. This was the Age of Discovery, when men of resolve and courage sought fame and fortune by conquering the rest of the world. Portuguese sailors came to Brazil, claiming the territory for their monarch. Soon, other European powers realized the importance of this land and sought to remove the Portuguese. An example was the Dutch who conquered a part of Brazil for a few short years. However, the Portuguese soon returned and the Dutch were forced to relinquish their territory. While the history of Brazil is filled with European powers vying to control this territory, its effect on the indigenous population was a disaster. Millions of Indigenous died from diseases for which they had no immunity as from slavery. When the Indigenous men and women in Brazil died as a result of the harsh working conditions, millions of slaves were imported from Africa. Today, Brazil's population has many of their descendants, forcing the country to reckon with their needs and cultural heritage. This book describes the story of Brazil, from what is known of its Indigenous population, their decimation, and their demand for more than survival in this land. But Brazilian politics is not for the fainthearted, as leaders, both named and elected, trampled on the Indigenous communities to forcefully gain economically. While Brazil is indeed a South American powerhouse, its favelas, crime, and illicit drugs, are a stark reminder that a sizeable proportion of the needy requires attention. This book is also the story of the Jewish population who sought refuge in Brazil in the past. Sephardic Jews came to this country seeking refuge from the anti-Semitic Portuguese who had expelled them from Iberia in 1497. The Portuguese came with the Inquisition and imposed harsh sentences on Jews who lived outwardly as Catholics but inwardly as Jews. They briefly found a safe haven in Dutch Brazil, but as soon as the Portuguese returned, they were forced to flee. Today, many thousands of Jews have helped make Brazil the success it is. But their story is one of travail, loss, and hard-won challenges.
Author: Kalman Dubov
Publisher: Kalman Dubov
ISBN:
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 280
Get Book Here
Book Description
Napoleon, the French Emperor, invaded Czarist Russia in the Franco-Russian War of 1812. The war ended in defeat for the French, with the Russians, referring to this as the Patriotic War, emerged victorious. Napoleon was in the process of liberating Jews from their enforced living in European ghettos, intending to emancipate and integrate them into modern French society. Emancipation of the Jews was a key byword, and many Jews hailed Napoleon as their benefactor and savior. To achieve fullest integration, Napoleon created a modern version of the Jewish Supreme Court, the Great Sanhedrin, to answer questions regarding Jewish belief, laws and their ability as well as intention to integrate into modern society. The head of the Sanhedrin was Rabbi David Sinzheim, Chief Rabbi of Strasbourg, France. However, opposed to French emancipation of the Jewish community was the first Chassidic leader, the Rebbe of Chabad, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi. He was so opposed to French emancipation efforts that he directed a member of his community, a man with multi-lingual talents, to offer his services as a translator of documents. In reality however, he acted as a spy and passed French military plans to the Russians. We are aware of this clandestine effort by way of a letter Rabbi Shneur Zalman wrote to the spy, explaining his rationale for acting this way. The rabbi felt that emancipation would reduce Jewish reliance on religious devotion and prayer, while emancipation would provide material benefit with a consequent loss of piety and religious adherence. The letter from the Rabbi adds a dimension of thinking why he was so opposed to Napoleonic success. At the time this was taking place, Jews were subjects of the Czarist Empire, mandated to live in the Pale of Settlement, a region rife with anti-Semitism, pogroms, penury and poverty. But such living conditions, the rabbi felt was preferable to emancipation. Hence, this strange policy was applied, even to Jews who were not Chassidic, not members of this sect or community. After the Second World War, Chabad changed dramatically. No longer could the policy of their first Rebbe be imposed on Jews. Because of the massive anti-Semitism exhibited by the Nazis and their many willing allies who assisted them in murdering Jews, the notion of living under Christian (or Muslim) domination was no longer viable. The last Chabad Rebbe, instead introduced a Messianic message, praying for, and encouraging others to work towards, the arrival of the Messiah. This book describes Jewish suffering, both in the period when Rabbi Shneur Zalman was alive, as well as in the long term, particularly in the last millennia when Jews faced great persecutions and no less than 48 separate expulsions. This volume questions the logic of Jewish suffering as a necessary prerequisite for Jewish belief and practice to be viable. This policy offers the pertinent study of the period when the question of Jewish suffering was deemed key to Judaism, but while enormous anti-Semitism was present. Yet, after the Second World War, an entirely new reality was introduced for Jewish survival.
Author: Kalman Dubov
Publisher: Kalman Dubov
ISBN:
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 182
Get Book Here
Book Description
The Jewish history of the Iberian Peninsula begins during Roman times, followed by the Visigoths, a Germanic presence that was initially favorable towards the Jews. In 589 CE, their king Recarred converted to Roman Catholicism resulting in the Edicts of Toledo, a series of laws designed to create many difficulties for Jews who refused to convert to Christianity. Visigoth rule ended in 711 when Muslims from North Africa invaded. Tariq ibn Ziyad, a North African general, for whom Gibraltar is named (Jebel Tariq) found Visigoth armies weak and soon reached the Pyrenees and beyond. Muslim rule on Iberia lasted from 711 to 1492, as Christian armies reconquered and gained southern territories. During Islamic control of the peninsula, a conviviality (convivencia) existed amongst the three Abrahamic religions resulting in a vast seminal growth with translations of ancient Greek and Roman texts and advances in every area of human thought. The scholarship that grew from this period later fueled the Renaissance, benefiting modern scholarship. But in 1492, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile promulgated the Alhambra Decree, expelling all Jews from the kingdom. This was followed by the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition, an institution that tortured and murdered thousands of men, women, and children, even as young as twelve years old. The Inquisition extended to the New World. In Mexico City as in Lima Peru, victims of the Inquisition faced merciless tribunals and faced the same fate as in Spain. The Inquisition was finally abolished in 1968. Transitioning to 2015, Spain began offering dual nationality to Jewish descendants of the expelled. I analyze the requirements to do so, noting its extensive detail, even demanding support of the Spanish constitution and culture as well as tests in Spanish with proof of marriage in the Jewish-Castilian tradition. This book offers a tableau of the harsh, zealous, and intolerant past to an effort by Spain to amend that violent historic record by offering an open hand to Jews. I leave the reasoning why Spain is doing so to the pessimist and cynic or to the optimist and hopeful.
Author: Steven G. Calabresi
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190075732
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 373
Get Book Here
Book Description
This two-volume set gives an account of the origins and growth of judicial review in the democratic countries of the G-20 from its beginnings in the United States to its expansion after World War II. Volume 2 covers the civil law jurisdictions.
Author: Steven Gow Calabresi
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190075759
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 373
Get Book Here
Book Description
This two-volume set examines the origins and growth of judicial review in the key G-20 constitutional democracies, which include the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Italy, India, Canada, Australia, South Korea, Brazil, South Africa, Indonesia, Mexico, and the European Union, as well as Israel. The volumes consider five different theories, which help to explain the origins of judicial review, and identify which theories apply best in the various countries discussed. They consider not only what gives rise to judicial review originally, but also what causes of judicial review lead it to become more powerful and prominent over time. Volume Two discusses the G-20 civil law countries.
Author: Jae Sundaram
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351973827
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 255
Get Book Here
Book Description
Patents, including pharmaceutical patents, enjoy extended protection for twenty years under the TRIPs Agreement. The Agreement has resulted in creating a two-tier system of the World Trade Organisation Member States, and its implementation has seen the price of pharmaceutical products skyrocket, putting essential medicines beyond the reach of the common man. The hardest hit populations come from the developing and least developed countries, which have either a weak healthcare system or no healthcare at all, where access to essential and affordable medicines is extremely difficult to achieve. Pharmaceutical Patent Protection and World Trade Law studies the problems faced by these countries in obtaining access to affordable medicines for their citizens in light of the TRIPS Agreement. It explores the opportunities that are still open for some developing countries to utilise the flexibilities available under the TRIPS Agreement in order to mitigate the damage caused by it. The book also examines the interrelationship between the world governing bodies, and the right to health contained in some of the developing country’s national constitutions.
Author: Glenn Greenwald
Publisher: House of Anansi
ISBN: 1487009615
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 264
Get Book Here
Book Description
In this riveting follow-up to his acclaimed international bestseller No Place to Hide, Glenn Greenwald documents the courageous fight for press freedom in Brazil, where authoritarianism and rampant corruption threaten the most fundamental principles of democracy. In 2019, award-winning journalist Glenn Greenwald writes in his gripping new book, “a series of events commenced that once again placed me at the heart of a sustained and explosive journalistic controversy.” New reporting by Greenwald and a team of Brazilian journalists had brought to light stunning information about grave corruption, deceit, and wrongdoing by the most powerful political actors in Brazil, his home since 2005. These stories, based on a massive trove of previously undisclosed telephone calls, audio, and text shared by an anonymous source, came to light only months after the January 2019 inauguration of Brazil’s far-right president, Jair Bolsonaro, an ally of U.S. President Donald Trump. The revelations “had an explosive impact on Brazilian politics” (Guardian) and prompted serious rancor, including direct attacks by President Bolsonaro himself, and ultimately an attempt by the government to criminally prosecute Greenwald for his reporting. “A wave of death threats — in a country where political violence is commonplace — have poured in, preventing me from ever leaving my house for any reason without armed guards and an armored vehicle,” Greenwald writes. Securing Democracy takes readers on a gripping journey through Brazilian politics as Greenwald, his husband, the left-wing congressman David Miranda, and a powerful opposition movement courageously challenge political corruption, homophobia, and tyranny. Most vitally, Greenwald demonstrates the importance of independent journalism in holding governments to account, reversing injustices, and ultimately securing the freedoms of democracy.
Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264249508
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 124
Get Book Here
Book Description
In 2015, Europe recorded an unprecedented number of asylum seekers: as many as one million. An estimated 350,000 to 450,000 people could be granted refugee or similar status, more than in any previous European refugee crisis since World War II.
Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264240098
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 264
Get Book Here
Book Description
This report is the first OECD review of Brazil’s environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and protected areas.
Author: Hiroko Yamane
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1847318150
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 416
Get Book Here
Book Description
Protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) has become a global issue. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Agreement outlines the minimum standards for IPR protection for WTO members and offers a global regime for IPR protection. However, the benefits of TRIPS are more questionable in poorer countries where national infrastructure for research and development (R&D) and social protection are inadequate, whereas the cost of innovation is high. Today, after more than a decade of intense debate over global IPR protection, the problems remain acute, although there is also evidence of progress and cooperation. This book examines various views of the role of IPRs as incentives for innovation against the backdrop of development and the transfer of technology between globalised, knowledge-based, high technology economies. The book retraces the origins, content and interpretations of the TRIPS Agreement, including its interpretations by WTO dispute settlement organs. It also analyses sources of controversy over IPRs, examining pharmaceutical industry strategies of emerging countries with different IPR policies. The continuing international debate over IPRs is examined in depth, as are TRIPS rules and the controversy about implementing the 'flexibilities' of the Agreement in the light of national policy objectives. The author concludes that for governments in developing countries, as well as for their business and scientific communities, a great deal depends on domestic policy objectives and their implementation. IPR protection should be supporting domestic policies for innovation and investment. This, in turn requires a re-casting of the debate about TRIPS, to place cooperation in global and efficient R&D at the heart of concerns over IPR protection.
