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Author: Victor A. Gibeault
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Turfgrasses
Languages : en
Pages : 160
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Author: Victor A. Gibeault
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Turfgrasses
Languages : en
Pages : 160
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Author: Stephen T. Cockerham
Publisher: UCANR Publications
ISBN: 1601076630
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 172
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Book Description
Water is an increasingly valuable and limited resource, often perceived as being wasted on turfgrass. This much-anticipated second edition brings clear, current, science-based information on turfgrass management and water conservation to turf managers and researchers alike. Inside you’ll find a look at the current understanding of water use as well as new technologies being researched to reduce water use by turfgrass. Attention is paid to water quality and turfgrass as a key part of the urban environment, how integrating turfgrass with other landscape uses of water can be part of a conservation plan, and how various water qualities, including reclaimed water, can be part of a management plan. Chapters also cover •advances in drought, heat, and salinity stress tolerance •the role of water in modified root zone media and native soils •water management technologies •considerations for construction and management of urban green spaces including parks and golf courses •water depletion, pesticide and nutrient runoff A chapter summarizing the practical application of the science in each chapter rounds out the text, presenting the information in an immediately useable format. Includes 10 tables and figures, 20 color photos, a U.S. customary to metric conversion table, and an 8-page glossary.
Author: Victor A. Gibeault
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Irrigation efficiency
Languages : en
Pages : 95
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Author: Beatrice Beth Baikan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 320
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Book Description
Author: Daniel S. Sandor
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Lawns
Languages : en
Pages : 394
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Book Description
Turfgrass lawns are widely used in residential and commercial landscapes, providing many environmental, aesthetic, and recreational benefits. However, concerns and scrutiny arise with perceived maintenance requirements, particularly with regards to irrigation. It is important to manage irrigation in order to maximize water conservation without significantly reducing lawn quality. A series of field and greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate how water usage might be reduced in irrigation practices with the following proposed objectives: 1) evaluate the use of rain and soil moisture sensors in a humid transition zone environment; 2) evaluate the effects of chronic drought stress between drought-resistant and drought-sensitive varieties of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; TF) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.; KBG) under field conditions; 3) investigate field performance differences between KBG varieties, varying in drought-resistance, under variable amounts of deficit irrigation; 4) evaluate the impact of irrigation frequency on the establishment of seeded cool-season turfgrasses varying in drought resistance; 5) and evaluate the impact of deficit irrigation for establishing seeded TF cultivars, varying in drought resistance, in the field. On average, rain sensors reduced irrigation by 22.5% and soil moisture sensors reduced irrigation by 66.5% with no decline in turfgrass quality with no decline in lawn quality. Environmental conditions greatly influenced the impact of chronic drought stress on TF and KBG, as intense and timely rains occurred. As a result, minimal differences in turfgrass quality or green turfgrass coverage were observed. Under prolonged, chronic drought stress, drought-resistant KBG exhibited greater coverage than drought-sensitive KBG at lower levels of deficit irrigation. During establishment, drought-resistant perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), TF, and KBG varieties irrigated every two days, exhibited similar turfgrass coverage to when irrigated daily. Intraspecific drought-resistance differences of mature TF and KBG in previous findings were not consistently observed during establishment. Tall fescue irrigated at 75% of reference evapotranspiration exhibited similar coverage as irrigation replacing 100% reference evapotranspiration, which could be a useful guideline regarding irrigation requirements for establishing TF from seed. Overall, these findings demonstrate the great potential to reduce water use in irrigation practices used in establishing and maintaining turfgrass lawns.
Author: James W. Poro
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 82
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Book Description
As water demand increases it will become more imperative for golf course superintendents, landscape managers, and other industry professionals to improve water use efficiency in the management of recreational turfgrass. Scheduling irrigation according to actual turfgrass evapotranspiration rates (ETT) is an integral component of efficient irrigation practices. Impracticality of field derived ETT for industry use, however, directs the need of weather station derived reference (predicted) evapotranspiration (ET0). To accurately predict (estimate) ETT of turf and other crops, scientifically derived landscape (crop) coefficients (Kc values) are used in conjunction with mathematical models that incorporate local meteorological data. Research is limited, however, in identifying Kc values and subsequent ET0 for turfgrass species selected and maintained under high intensity recreational practices congruent of golf courses and sports fields in the cool-humid northeast climate. Therefore, objectives of this study were to (i) observe and record ETT of three commonly selected recreational turfgrass species; 'Exacta' Perennial ryegrass (Lollium perenne L.), 'Touchdown' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and 'Memorial' Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolinifera L.) maintained as golf and sports turf, (ii) analyze the impact various management practices (nitrogen fertility and height of cut) have on ETT, (iii) develop accurate Kc values appropriate for use with the recommended FAO 56 Penman-Monteith mathematical model for accurate ET0 of recreational turf maintained in the cool-humid northeast. Four heights of cut (HOC) and two nitrogen fertility rates (N) were evaluated to determine their impact on turfgrass growth and subsequent water use and ETT of three recreational turfgrass species. Golf turf (creeping bentgrass) maintained at a lower height of cut than sports turf exhibited a smaller leaf area component and a significantly lower (20%) ETT. N applied as slow release (82%) throughout the growing season increased ETT by 5%, particularly with perennial ryegrass sports turf. Taller HOC also increased ETT by 10% due to increased leaf area indices and subsequent decreased resistance to ET. Predicted ET0 according to FAO 56 for all three years of the study (79 observations) captured 71% of ETT. Yearly and monthly calculations suggest less variable (cloudy) weather yielded more accurate ET0. Crop coefficient (Kc) values established in conjunction with FAO 56 ET0 ranged from 0.90 to 1.00 for shorter golf course turf (creeping bentgrass), and 1.15 to 1.25 for taller sports turf (Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass). Results indicate shorter grass exhibits a lower ETT than taller grass due to various factors, and in the case of industry application, FAO 56 ET0 can accurately estimate ETT of recreational turf in the cool-humid northeast when fitted with appropriate Kc values.
Author: Lynda L. Fenton
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 97
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Book Description
Rapid population growth in arid regions of the western US is placing increased demand on water resources. Variability in precipitation and common occurrence of drought have promoted scrutiny of water use in urban lawns and gardens. However, few reliable measurements of water use of these landscapes exist. Quantifying the amount of water used vs. required by landscapes such as turfgrass would allow significant water conservation. Evapotranspiration (ET) is affected by biophysical factors such as: available energy, turbulent mixing, saturation deficit, soil water, and stomatal conductance. In order to simulate the water use by turfgrass, the relative importance of these processes must be determined for this environment. This study measures ET rates for Kentucky bluegrass using eddy covariance techniques, to quantify water use under various conditions. The results are combined with a coupled form of the Penman- Monteith Equation to determine which biophysical factors affect the ET rate under various atmospheric conditions, especially the advection of heat and saturation deficit from the regional atmosphere. In addition, changes in ET and other properties of the vegetation were monitored during a period of reduced irrigation or dry-down. These results will help determine the amount of water such landscapes actually need.
Author: Hang T. T. Duong
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Due to end users irrigating with excess water, water conservation of turfgrass can make a large impact in urban water conservation by reducing water applied while still maintaining visual appearance. This study was conducted to determine if Kentucky bluegrass (Poapratensis L.) can be deficit irrigated to maintain minimum acceptable appearance while conserving water. The study investigated water stress in terms of stomatal conductance, chlorophyll index, leaf temperature and predawn leaf water potential at the point of water stress, or where visual quality no longer meets expectations during dry down conditions. Water use was measured over well established Kentucky bluegrass with an eddy covariance system that was validated with soil water measurements. Turfgrass was irrigated at 80% of reference evapotranspiration based on allowable depletion of 12 mm of soil water during growing season that was considered to be well-watered. Two dry downs were conducted over a two-year period (early and late summer). Turfgrass was allowed to dry down without irrigation until visual quality reached the minimum acceptable points (score 9́Þ 6). During drying periods, visual rating, chlorophyll index, predawn leaf water potential, and leaf temperature with stomatal conductance rapidly decreased once stomatal conductance fell to approximately half of well-watered levels. Both soil water content and evapotranspiration had weak correlation with stomatal conductance; however, stomatal conductance tended to have higher correlation with the change in soil moisture than with the change in crop evapotranspiration. Soil water use and eddy covariance data in terms of crop evapotranspiration had high correlation. The plant water use factor ranged from around 0.8 to 1.1 under well-watered condition corresponding to visual rating from 7 to 9. At the minimum acceptable point of visual rating, which is 5.5 to 6, the plant factor ranged from 0.65 to 0.87. This value of plant factor is quite high at this point. Even when Kentucky bluegrass went below acceptable visual quality, the grass still used significant amounts of water with the plant factor value ranging from 0.6 to 0.8. The data suggested that deficit irrigation cannot be applied with Kentucky bluegrass in the Intermountain West area.
Author: Tyler Quinn Carr
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Evapotranspiration
Languages : en
Pages : 308
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Book Description
Turfgrass lawns are commonly utilized for home and commercial applications because of the aesthetic, environmental, and recreational benefits grasses provide, but many people perceive turfgrass as solely an aesthetic benefit that requires significant water inputs. It is important to identify and use turfgrass cultivars that have known drought tolerance, and also fine-tune and throughout development. A series of field experiments were conducted to determine the water requirements of turfgrass lawn systems with the following objectives: 1) investigate differences in chronic drought resistance and irrigation recommendations among cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) 2) determine the water use of Kentucky bluegrass as affected by cultivar, irrigation frequency, and soil texture; 3) and determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) percent replacement that maximizes bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) establishment from seed and whether Turfgrass Water Conservation Alliance qualified cultivars require less water to establish from seed. From the cultivars evaluated, PST-K13-137 and NAI-13-132 Kentucky bluegrasses were the most drought tolerant and drought susceptible cultivars, respectively, and the tall fescue cultivar Thunderstruck was the most drought tolerant and Titanium 2LS was the most drought susceptible. For both species, there were no significant differences in cumulative water requirements, likely be due to the lack of inclusion of experimental controls with known drought tolerance. Lysimeters plots irrigated to replace 40% ETo and containing loamy sand resulted in less green turfgrass coverage than those grown in silt loam. Water use was significantly affected by soil texture only during late summer 2018, with lysimeters containing silt loam and loamy sand using 23.8 and 22.5 mm per week, respectively. These results imply that, under prolonged drought stress, soil texture has minimal effect on water consumption. Irrigating to replace 100% ETo is adequate to maximize bermudagrass establishment from seed. These conclusions validate the global water-saving potential when drought tolerant cultivars and precise irrigation recommendations are implemented.
Author: Victor A. Gibeault
Publisher: Agriculture & Natural Resources
ISBN: 9780931876691
Category : Gardening
Languages : en
Pages : 155
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Book Description
