Investigation of the Chemistry of Calcium Carbonate Scale Nucleation and Growth from Seawater on OTEC Heat Exchangers PDF Download
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Heat exchangers
Languages : en
Pages : 90
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Heat exchangers
Languages : en
Pages : 90
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Book Description
Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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The potential for calcium carbonate scale formation, from supersaturated seawater on candidate Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion heat exchanger tubes, has been tested under flowing and stagnant seawater, and leaking liquid ammonia conditions. It was not possible to confirm the existence of calcium carbonate in any of the deposits formed. However, the presence of calcium in the deposits, generally as a minor component, indicates that microcrystalline calcium carbonate may be formed. Tests performed on growth rates of calcite and aragonite powders in seawater indicate that the maximum thickening rate of a calcium carbonate scale, under conditions which are likely to be encountered in heat exchanger tubes, is less than 20 .mu.m per month.
Author:
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Category : Solar energy
Languages : en
Pages : 1048
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Power resources
Languages : en
Pages : 1346
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Author: John W. Morse
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Category : Heat exchangers
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Ralph Mitchell
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Category : Marine fouling organisms
Languages : en
Pages : 54
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Author: United States. Department of Energy. Office of Solar, Geothermal, Electric, and Storage Systems
Publisher:
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Category : Ocean thermal power plants
Languages : en
Pages : 284
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Author:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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An investigation of available data on the saturation state of seawater with respect to calcium carbonate and its possible significance for scale formation on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) heat exchangers has been carried out. Pertinent oceanographic data is lacking at or near potential OTEC sites for the calculation of the degree of saturation of seawater with respect to calcium carbonate. Consequently, only ''extrapolated'' saturation values can be used. These indicate that near surface seawater is probably supersaturated, with respect to the calcium carbonate phases calcite and aragonite, at all potential OTEC sites. The deep seawater that would be brought to the surface at the potential Atlantic Ocean sites is also likely to be supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate. The deep seawater at the potential Pacific Ocean sites may be slightly undersaturated. The fact that OTEC heat exchangers will be operating in seawater, which is supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate, means that if nucleation of calcite or aragonite occurs on the heat exchanger surfaces, significant growth rates of calcium carbonate scale may be expected. The potential for calcium carbonate nucleation is highest at cathodic metal surface locations, which are produced as the result of aluminum corrosion in seawater. Consequently, corrosion and scale formation may be closely related. What the possible effects of biofouling may be on this process are not known.
Author:
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Category : Saline water conversion
Languages : en
Pages : 790
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ocean thermal power plants
Languages : en
Pages : 516
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