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Author: Binyamin Hochner
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128071729
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 37
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Book Description
Cephalopod mollusks such as octopus, cuttlefish, and squid (coleoids) are of special interest for studying the evolution and function of learning and memory mechanisms at the system level. They are believed to have the most advanced cognitive behaviors of all invertebrates, rivaling the abilities of many vertebrates. The phylum Mollusca shows the most diversified range of behavioral complexity among the invertebrates, with behavioral complexity correlating roughly with the size of the nervous system (a few thousand vs. half a billion neurons) and its morphological organization (centralized vs. distributed). The mollusks therefore provide an excellent opportunity for assessing conservation and convergent processes in the evolution and development of learning and memory systems subserving complex behaviors. The pioneering work of J. Z. Young, M. J. Wells, and colleagues confirmed that a specific structure in the brain of the modern cephalopods, the vertical lobe, is involved in their highly sophisticated behaviors. This chapter summarizes recent neurophysiological research in the octopus and cuttlefish vertical lobe system that, for the first time, allows a functional and computational approach to the evolution of learning and memory systems.
Author: Binyamin Hochner
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128071729
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 37
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Book Description
Cephalopod mollusks such as octopus, cuttlefish, and squid (coleoids) are of special interest for studying the evolution and function of learning and memory mechanisms at the system level. They are believed to have the most advanced cognitive behaviors of all invertebrates, rivaling the abilities of many vertebrates. The phylum Mollusca shows the most diversified range of behavioral complexity among the invertebrates, with behavioral complexity correlating roughly with the size of the nervous system (a few thousand vs. half a billion neurons) and its morphological organization (centralized vs. distributed). The mollusks therefore provide an excellent opportunity for assessing conservation and convergent processes in the evolution and development of learning and memory systems subserving complex behaviors. The pioneering work of J. Z. Young, M. J. Wells, and colleagues confirmed that a specific structure in the brain of the modern cephalopods, the vertical lobe, is involved in their highly sophisticated behaviors. This chapter summarizes recent neurophysiological research in the octopus and cuttlefish vertical lobe system that, for the first time, allows a functional and computational approach to the evolution of learning and memory systems.
Author: Randolf Menzel
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 012398260X
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 603
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Book Description
Understanding how memories are induced and maintained is one of the major outstanding questions in modern neuroscience. This is difficult to address in the mammalian brain due to its enormous complexity, and invertebrates offer major advantages for learning and memory studies because of their relative simplicity. Many important discoveries made in invertebrates have been found to be generally applicable to higher organisms, and the overarching theme of the proposed will be to integrate information from different levels of neural organization to help generate a complete account of learning and memory. Edited by two leaders in the field, Invertebrate Learning and Memory will offer a current and comprehensive review, with chapters authored by experts in each topic. The volume will take a multidisciplinary approach, exploring behavioral, cellular, genetic, molecular, and computational investigations of memory. Coverage will include comparative cognition at the behavioral and mechanistic level, developments in concepts and methodologies that will underlie future advancements, and mechanistic examples from the most important vertebrate systems (nematodes, molluscs, and insects). Neuroscience researchers and graduate students with an interest in the neural control of cognitive behavior will benefit, as will as will those in the field of invertebrate learning. - Presents an overview of invertebrate studies at the molecular / cellular / neural levels and correlates findings to mammalian behavioral investigations - Linking multidisciplinary approaches allows for full understanding of how molecular changes in neurons and circuits underpin behavioral plasticity - Edited work with chapters authored by leaders in the field around the globe – the broadest, most expert coverage available - Comprehensive coverage synthesizes widely dispersed research, serving as one-stop shopping for comparative learning and memory researchers
Author: Alan Gelperin
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128071702
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Book Description
Terrestrial slugs and snails are particularly favorable subjects for studies of comparative cognition. Chemosensation is their dominant distance sense for locating food, mates, predators, and nest sites. A variety of conditioning phenomena have been demonstrated using odors as conditioned stimuli, including higher order conditioning such as second-order conditioning and blocking. Learning has been evaluated by measuring local reflexes and whole body orientation to odors. Behaviors with learned components involve homeostatic mechanisms for water, temperature, nutrition, and circadian activity. Cellular substrates and neural correlates for plasticity in odor processing have focused on a unique brain region, the procerebral lobe, which is necessary and sufficient for learning about odor stimuli. The rich set of learning phenomena displayed by terrestrial slugs and snails emphasize the importance of seeking evidence for complex cognitive tasks by asking experimental questions appropriate to the Ümwelt of the animal. In general, invertebrates can implement most vertebrate learned logic operations.
Author: Martin Giurfa
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128071516
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Book Description
The behavior of insects transcends elementary forms of adaptive responding to environmental changes. We discuss examples of exploration, instrumental and observational learning, expectation, learning in a social context, and planning of future actions. We show that learning about sensory cues allows insects to transfer flexibly their responses to novel stimuli attaining thereby different levels of complexity, from basic generalization to categorization and concept learning consistent with rule extraction. We argue that updating of existing memories requires multiple forms of memory processing. A key element in these processes is working memory, an active form of memory considered to allow evaluation of actions on the basis of expected outcome. We discuss which of these cognitive faculties can be traced to specific neural processes and how they relate to the overall organization of the insect brain.
Author: Piero Amodio
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128071710
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 29
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Book Description
Octopus is an invertebrate well-known for the extreme richness of its behavioral repertoire and plasticity. Recent field observations including mimicry, communicative skills, and tool use capabilities have further supported this view. This chapter briefly reviews the most recent knowledge on octopus learning capabilities, focusing on its capability to learn by observation of conspecifics. Social learning is classically conceived as a behavioral trait shown by gregarious and long-lived animals. However, it has recently been considered to occur in solitary vertebrate and invertebrate species. This chapter provides an update on the experimental evidence for observational learning in the octopus and discusses the constraints and peculiarities of social learning and the potential evolutionary meanings of this capability in this cephalopod mollusk.
Author: Ludovic Dickel
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128071737
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 45
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Book Description
This chapter summarizes the literature on the anatomical and functional organization of the cuttlefish brain, with a focus on the structures involved in learning and memory processes (namely the vertical lobe system and optic lobes). Also, different learning paradigms that are commonly used in Sepia officinalis are described with, when possible, their neural correlates. Recent work on the early development of brain and memory is also reviewed. Some research directions to follow in the field of neurobiology of learning and memory in cuttlefish are suggested to better understand the extraordinary behavioral plasticity of these sophisticated invertebrates.
Author: Daniel Tomsic
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128071745
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 49
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Book Description
Due to their unique advantages for certain experimental approaches, crustaceans have long been used in neurobiological research. In this chapter, we describe a number of important contributions to the field of learning and memory yielded by investigations carried out over more than 20 years in the crab Neohelice (until recently Chasmagnathus) granulata. Several distinct learning paradigms have been implemented in this animal, with the most compelling studies being performed in the so called context-signal memory (CSM). Acquired through a single training session, CSM entails a long-lasting modification (>5 days) of the escape response to a visual danger stimulus. CSM is determined by an association between two independent memories—a memory of the stimulus (signal memory) and a memory of the training environment (context memory). Investigations of CSM have been performed using behavioral, ecological, electrophysiological, anatomical, pharmacological, and molecular approaches. Fundamental findings and their significance are discussed.
Author: Margaret Hastings
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128071664
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
The nervous system of Aplysia californica has three isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC): the conventional PKC Apl I, the novel PKC Apl II, and the atypical PKC Apl III. Each isoform has distinct requirements for activation and distinct downstream roles in synaptic plasticity. PKCs can be cleaved by calpains into constitutively active forms, called protein kinase Ms (PKMs). Multiple forms of plasticity in Aplysia are mediated by PKMs, and these may be due to cleavage of distinct isoforms of PKC. PKCs also interact in complex ways with other second messenger pathways. The diversity of PKC isoforms allows for this family of kinases to play important roles in decoding extracellular stimuli into the formation of distinct molecular memory traces.
Author: Dorothea Eisenhardt
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128071818
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 23
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Book Description
The behavioral phenomenon of extinction resembles the decrease of a conditioned behavior when animals experience the presentation of a previously reinforced stimulus. In honeybees, extinction is studied in an appetitive learning paradigm, the olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response. Here, I describe recent work on extinction in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and its underlying molecular mechanisms. I demonstrate that extinction in honeybees shares behavioral and molecular similarities with extinction in vertebrates, and I discuss whether these similarities might indicate that extinction is a phylogenetically old mechanism.
Author: Elizabeth A. Tibbetts
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128071907
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
Individual recognition is often considered a cognitively challenging form of recognition because it requires flexible learning and memory. Because Polistes paper wasps are one of the few invertebrates known to have individual recognition, they provide a good model for exploring how individual recognition shapes cognitive evolution. Here, we review previous work on individual recognition in paper wasps with a particular focus on learning and memory. In this review, we (1) explore the evolution of individual recognition in paper wasps, including the selective pressures thought to shape the origin and maintenance of individual recognition; (2) discuss the extent of memory for specific individuals during paper wasp social interactions; (3) describe a negative reinforcement training method that can be used for comparative learning research in wasps and other invertebrates; and (4) explain how individual recognition has shaped the evolution of specialized visual learning in paper wasps.
