Individual Differences in Associative Learning and Forgetting PDF Download
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Author: Patrick C. Kyllonen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Memory
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Patrick C. Kyllonen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Memory
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: Robin A. Murphy
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889192903
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 113
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Book Description
Theories of associative learning have a long history in advancing the psychological account of behavior via cognitive representation. There are many components and variations of associative theory but at the core is the idea that links or connections between stimuli or responses describe important aspects of our psychological experience. This Frontiers Topic considers how variations in association formation can be used to account for differences between people, elaborating the differences between males and females, differences over the life span, understanding of psychopathologies or even across cultural contexts. A recent volume on the application of learning theory to clinical psychology is one example of this emerging application (e.g., Hazelgrove & Hogarth, 2012). The task for students of learning has been the development, often with mathematically defined explanations, of the parameters and operators that determine the formation and strengths of associations. The ultimate goal is to explain how the acquired representations influence future behavior. This approach has recently been influential in the field of neuroscience where one such learning operator, the error correction principle, has unified the understanding of the conditions which facilitate neuron activation with the computational goals of the brain with properties of learning algorithms (e.g., Rescorla & Wagner, 1972). In this Frontiers Research Topic, we are interested in a similar but currently developing aspect to learning theory, which is the application of the associative model to our understanding of individual differences, including psychopathology. In general, learning theories are monolithic, the same theory applies to the rat and the human, and within people the same algorithm is applied to all individuals. If so this might be thought to suggest that there is little that learning theory can tell us about the how males and females differ, how we change over time or why someone develops schizophrenia for instance. However, these theories have wide scope for developing our understanding of when learning occurs and when it is interfered with, along with a variety of methods of predicting these differences. We received contributions from researchers studying individual differences, including sex differences, age related changes and those using analog or clinical samples of personality and psychopathological disorders where the outcomes of the research bear directly on theories of associative learning. This Research Topic brings together researchers studying basic learning and conditioning processes but in which the basic emotional, attentional, pathological or more general physiological differences between groups of people are modeled using associative theory. This work involves varying stimulus properties and temporal relations or modeling the differences between groups.
Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 240
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Author: Michael J. Kahana
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0197746144
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 2426
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Book Description
The Oxford Handbook of Human Memory provides an authoritative overview of the science of human memory, its application to clinical disorders, and its broader implications for learning and memory in real-world contexts. Organized into two volumes and eleven sections, the Handbook integrates behavioral, neural, and computational evidence with current theories of how we learn and remember. Overall, The Oxford Handbook of Human Memory documents the current state of knowledge in the field and provides a roadmap for the next generation of memory scientists, established peers, and practitioners.
Author: Elizabeth Ligon Bjork
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080536190
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 609
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Book Description
Memory conveys the state of knowledge regarding human memory. This book is composed of seven parts beginning with a discussion on different memory structures and the processes that regulate the flow of information between those structures. A chapter follows on the distinction between explicit and implicit memory. Other chapters address the different aspects of storing information in long-term memory; how information in long-term memories is accessed; and the controlling and monitoring of such storage and retrieval processes. How memory capacities and characteristics vary as a function of individual differences and aging, as well as the implications of memory research for two real-world domains of strong interest: witness interrogation and testimony and the long-term retention of skills and knowledge, are also addressed. This handbook will be an important resource for students of human memory.
Author: Richard W. Pew
Publisher: Worth
ISBN: 9781464173950
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Psychology and the Real World: Essays Illustrating Fundamental Contributions to Society is a collection of brief, personal, original essays, ranging in length from 2500 to 3500 words, in which leading academic psychologists describe what their area of research has contributed to society. The authors are true stars in the field of psychology. Some of their work (for example, Elizabeth Loftus’s studies of false memories, Paul Ekman’s research on facial expression, and Eliot Aronson’s “jigsaw,” or cooperative, classroom studies) is well known to the public. The research of others is less familiar to nonspecialists, but no less fascinating. The book is unique the world of textbook ancillaries in that it does not reprint writings. Rather, innovative psychological scientists clearly and entertainingly tell readers why their research matters and how their line of inquiry developed. The concept for the book came from the FABBS Foundation, a nonprofit educational foundation that supports the work of 22 scholarly societies that span the cognitive, psychological, behavioral, and brain sciences. The authors have volunteered their contributions. These authors have agreed that all grants, advances, and royalties and other financial earnings from this volume will go to the FABBS Foundation to support their educational mission.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 4
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For nearly forty years the generally held belief has been that there were no individual differences in forgetting which were not the result of differences in original learning. This rather surprising conclusion was based on Underwood's 1954 article in which he looked at the retention of 'fast' and 'slow' learners. Initially, there were large differences between the retention of fast learners and slow learners. As might be expected, the fast learners recalled what they had learned at a much higher level than did the slow learners. But when Underwood then equated for initial learning, an interesting thing happened--the large difference in retention previously observed now disappeared. That is, when the probability of calling out an item was equated for fast and slow learners, the differences in retention between the fast and slow learners also disappeared. Several studies over the years confirmed Underwood's basic findings and it did indeed appear to be that there were no individual difference in forgetting or memory--only individual differences in initial learning.
Author: Nelson Cowan
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 1317232380
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 238
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Book Description
The idea of one's memory "filling up" is a humorous misconception of how memory in general is thought to work; it actually has no capacity limit. However, the idea of a "full brain" makes more sense with reference to working memory, which is the limited amount of information a person can hold temporarily in an especially accessible form for use in the completion of almost any challenging cognitive task. This groundbreaking book explains the evidence supporting Cowan's theoretical proposal about working memory capacity, and compares it to competing perspectives. Cognitive psychologists profoundly disagree on how working memory is limited: whether by the number of units that can be retained (and, if so, what kind of units and how many), the types of interfering material, the time that has elapsed, some combination of these mechanisms, or none of them. The book assesses these hypotheses and examines explanations of why capacity limits occur, including vivid biological, cognitive, and evolutionary accounts. The book concludes with a discussion of the practical importance of capacity limits in daily life. This 10th anniversary Classic Edition will continue to be accessible to a wide range of readers and serve as an invaluable reference for all memory researchers.
Author: Wendy A. Rogers
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 1317779444
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
The term "skill" encompasses an array of topics and issues. For example, individuals are skilled in a variety of domains such as chess, typing, air traffic control, or knitting; researchers study skill in a variety of ways, including speed of acquisition, accuracy of performance, and retention over time; and there are a variety of approaches to the study of skill such as computer modeling or experimental analysis. Contributing to the understanding of whether, how, when, and why skills may decline as a function of age is the goal of this volume. This book is based on the Aging and Skill Conference sponsored by the Center for Applied Cognitive Research on Aging. The broad focus of the conference was to discuss cognitive theories underlying age-related skill acquisition, transfer, and retention and to discuss applications of these theories to such issues as age-adaptive training, compensatory strategies and devices, and utilization of new and existing technology. The contributors were asked to discuss the cognitive theory relevant to their topic, explain how the theory informs the field about aging, examine where gaps exist among general cognitive theory in this area and theories of aging, and demonstrate the practical relevance of the theory to enhancing or enabling activities of daily living--for work, home, or leisure--for older adults. This is the first book to focus exclusively on aging and skill. It covers a range of abilities, provides the theoretical basis for the current status of age-related differences in skill, and offers direct evidence of the applicability of research on proficiency to aspects of daily living. Each chapter was written either by an expert in the field of aging, or by an expert in the field of skill--many expert in both areas.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Government publications
Languages : en
Pages :
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