Author: Derek Chau
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119381800
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 309
Book Description
Effective transaction monitoring begins with proper implementation Anti-Money Laundering Transaction Monitoring Systems Implementation provides comprehensive guidance for bank compliance and IT personnel tasked with implementing AML transaction monitoring. Written by an authority on data integration and anti-money laundering technology, this book offers both high-level discussion of transaction monitoring concepts and direct clarification of practical implementation techniques. All transaction monitoring scenarios are composed of a few common elements, and a deep understanding of these elements is the critical factor in achieving your goal; without delving into actual code, this guide provides actionable information suitable for any AML platform or solution to help you implement effective strategies and ensure regulatory compliance for your organization. Transaction monitoring is increasingly critical to banking and business operations, and the effectiveness of any given solution is directly correlated to its implementation. This book provides clear guidance on all facets of AML transaction monitoring, from conception to implementation, to help you: Detect anomalies in the data Handle known abnormal behavior Comply with regulatory requirements Monitor transactions using various techniques Regulators all over the world are requiring banks and other companies to institute automated systems that combat money laundering. With many variables at play on both the transaction side and the solution side of the equation, a solid understanding of AML technology and its implementation is the most critical factor in successful detection. Anti-Money Laundering Transaction Monitoring Systems Implementation is an invaluable resource for those tasked with putting these systems in place, providing clear discussion and practical implementation guidance.
Anti-Money Laundering Transaction Monitoring Systems Implementation
Author: Derek Chau
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119381800
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 309
Book Description
Effective transaction monitoring begins with proper implementation Anti-Money Laundering Transaction Monitoring Systems Implementation provides comprehensive guidance for bank compliance and IT personnel tasked with implementing AML transaction monitoring. Written by an authority on data integration and anti-money laundering technology, this book offers both high-level discussion of transaction monitoring concepts and direct clarification of practical implementation techniques. All transaction monitoring scenarios are composed of a few common elements, and a deep understanding of these elements is the critical factor in achieving your goal; without delving into actual code, this guide provides actionable information suitable for any AML platform or solution to help you implement effective strategies and ensure regulatory compliance for your organization. Transaction monitoring is increasingly critical to banking and business operations, and the effectiveness of any given solution is directly correlated to its implementation. This book provides clear guidance on all facets of AML transaction monitoring, from conception to implementation, to help you: Detect anomalies in the data Handle known abnormal behavior Comply with regulatory requirements Monitor transactions using various techniques Regulators all over the world are requiring banks and other companies to institute automated systems that combat money laundering. With many variables at play on both the transaction side and the solution side of the equation, a solid understanding of AML technology and its implementation is the most critical factor in successful detection. Anti-Money Laundering Transaction Monitoring Systems Implementation is an invaluable resource for those tasked with putting these systems in place, providing clear discussion and practical implementation guidance.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119381800
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 309
Book Description
Effective transaction monitoring begins with proper implementation Anti-Money Laundering Transaction Monitoring Systems Implementation provides comprehensive guidance for bank compliance and IT personnel tasked with implementing AML transaction monitoring. Written by an authority on data integration and anti-money laundering technology, this book offers both high-level discussion of transaction monitoring concepts and direct clarification of practical implementation techniques. All transaction monitoring scenarios are composed of a few common elements, and a deep understanding of these elements is the critical factor in achieving your goal; without delving into actual code, this guide provides actionable information suitable for any AML platform or solution to help you implement effective strategies and ensure regulatory compliance for your organization. Transaction monitoring is increasingly critical to banking and business operations, and the effectiveness of any given solution is directly correlated to its implementation. This book provides clear guidance on all facets of AML transaction monitoring, from conception to implementation, to help you: Detect anomalies in the data Handle known abnormal behavior Comply with regulatory requirements Monitor transactions using various techniques Regulators all over the world are requiring banks and other companies to institute automated systems that combat money laundering. With many variables at play on both the transaction side and the solution side of the equation, a solid understanding of AML technology and its implementation is the most critical factor in successful detection. Anti-Money Laundering Transaction Monitoring Systems Implementation is an invaluable resource for those tasked with putting these systems in place, providing clear discussion and practical implementation guidance.
Implementation of Anti-Money Laundering Information Systems
Author: Yong Li
Publisher: AuthorHouse
ISBN: 1524606715
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 127
Book Description
This book is intended for compliance professionals, IT professionals, and business stakeholders who are working on anti-money laundering (AML) or financial crime risk management information systems implementation. This book focuses on the AML information systems technical implementation, especially the implementation/project planning, and current state, future state, gap analysis, as well some technical solutions and practical approaches. Most topics discussed in this book are for banks in the United States and Canada, but the principles and frameworks mentioned in the book could also be utilized in AML information systems implementations for insurance companies, asset/investment management firms, and securities dealers/brokers in North America or other jurisdictions even though different type financial institutions have different AML regulatory requirements in different jurisdictions.
Publisher: AuthorHouse
ISBN: 1524606715
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 127
Book Description
This book is intended for compliance professionals, IT professionals, and business stakeholders who are working on anti-money laundering (AML) or financial crime risk management information systems implementation. This book focuses on the AML information systems technical implementation, especially the implementation/project planning, and current state, future state, gap analysis, as well some technical solutions and practical approaches. Most topics discussed in this book are for banks in the United States and Canada, but the principles and frameworks mentioned in the book could also be utilized in AML information systems implementations for insurance companies, asset/investment management firms, and securities dealers/brokers in North America or other jurisdictions even though different type financial institutions have different AML regulatory requirements in different jurisdictions.
Technology and Anti-money Laundering
Author: Dionysios S. Demetis
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1849806659
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 201
Book Description
. . . a stimulating look at the hard work done in many specialisms that collectively seek to combat money laundering. Sally Ramage, The Criminal Lawyer While there is much noise about the control of money laundering, there are few whose work is able to rise above the din and in clear notes contribute in a constructive manner to the debate. This work is not only an intelligent discussion of many of the substantive issues relating to the control of money laundering, but a great deal more. Drawing on systems theory and seeing the control of money laundering particularly from the standpoint of technology as complex and integral to the proper and effective operation of financial institutions, the author addresses in a novel and practical way the design and management of risk based compliance. The theory is tested, not only in terms of viable technology, but also in an actual case study involving real issues in a bank. Consequently, those concerned with the formulation of policy, the design of controls and procedures and the implementation of such will find the contribution that this book makes of great significance. Barry Rider, Bryan Cave LLP, UK This book avoids the usual trap of interminably listing AML war stories. Instead Dr. Demetis presents a solid theoretical foundation for AML research and practice. He gives a damning critique of the way so-called technological solutions are used uncritically by some AML professionals, and analyses the risk-based approach, describing its problems and ways of avoiding them. He presents a fascinating in-depth case study of a financial institution, and a short case of a bank using technology to improve its True Positive Rate substantially to 17 per cent. Ian Angell, London School of Economics, UK Dr Demetis makes a great contribution to our understanding of anti-money laundering at both a systems and practical level. [He] writes as someone who not only thinks deeply about these issues but, as the in-depth case examples show, has tried to see how far technology can address some audacious goals. Readers will learn that while risk-based approaches to anti-money laundering have been an interesting regulatory development, practical implementation, despite the hype of technology vendors, is still at a primordial state . Michael Mainelli, Gresham College and Z/YEN Group, UK This insightful book examines the influence of information systems on anti-money laundering (AML). It builds on systems theory in order to develop a coherent theoretical framework that can be used for AML research. By using a case study of a major financial institution in the EU-area, a number of technological influences on AML are deconstructed and are used to examine the role that technology plays within AML. The book provides a systems theoretical description of the effects of technology on AML and offers considerations on the risk-based approach the most important contemporary evolution within regulatory initiatives on AML and terrorism financing. Technology and Anti-Money Laundering will appeal to researchers of financial crime and AML as well as those interested in information systems and systems theory. A number of considerations for practitioners are also discussed, including the risk-based approach and the integration of AML-technology in financial institutions, as well as an important data-mining application. Money Laundering Reporting Officers (MLROs) in financial institutions and central bankers will also find much of interest in this book.
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1849806659
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 201
Book Description
. . . a stimulating look at the hard work done in many specialisms that collectively seek to combat money laundering. Sally Ramage, The Criminal Lawyer While there is much noise about the control of money laundering, there are few whose work is able to rise above the din and in clear notes contribute in a constructive manner to the debate. This work is not only an intelligent discussion of many of the substantive issues relating to the control of money laundering, but a great deal more. Drawing on systems theory and seeing the control of money laundering particularly from the standpoint of technology as complex and integral to the proper and effective operation of financial institutions, the author addresses in a novel and practical way the design and management of risk based compliance. The theory is tested, not only in terms of viable technology, but also in an actual case study involving real issues in a bank. Consequently, those concerned with the formulation of policy, the design of controls and procedures and the implementation of such will find the contribution that this book makes of great significance. Barry Rider, Bryan Cave LLP, UK This book avoids the usual trap of interminably listing AML war stories. Instead Dr. Demetis presents a solid theoretical foundation for AML research and practice. He gives a damning critique of the way so-called technological solutions are used uncritically by some AML professionals, and analyses the risk-based approach, describing its problems and ways of avoiding them. He presents a fascinating in-depth case study of a financial institution, and a short case of a bank using technology to improve its True Positive Rate substantially to 17 per cent. Ian Angell, London School of Economics, UK Dr Demetis makes a great contribution to our understanding of anti-money laundering at both a systems and practical level. [He] writes as someone who not only thinks deeply about these issues but, as the in-depth case examples show, has tried to see how far technology can address some audacious goals. Readers will learn that while risk-based approaches to anti-money laundering have been an interesting regulatory development, practical implementation, despite the hype of technology vendors, is still at a primordial state . Michael Mainelli, Gresham College and Z/YEN Group, UK This insightful book examines the influence of information systems on anti-money laundering (AML). It builds on systems theory in order to develop a coherent theoretical framework that can be used for AML research. By using a case study of a major financial institution in the EU-area, a number of technological influences on AML are deconstructed and are used to examine the role that technology plays within AML. The book provides a systems theoretical description of the effects of technology on AML and offers considerations on the risk-based approach the most important contemporary evolution within regulatory initiatives on AML and terrorism financing. Technology and Anti-Money Laundering will appeal to researchers of financial crime and AML as well as those interested in information systems and systems theory. A number of considerations for practitioners are also discussed, including the risk-based approach and the integration of AML-technology in financial institutions, as well as an important data-mining application. Money Laundering Reporting Officers (MLROs) in financial institutions and central bankers will also find much of interest in this book.
Reference Guide to Anti-money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism
Author: Paul Allan Schott
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 296
Book Description
Efforts to launder money and finance terrorism have been evolving rapidly in recent years in response to heightened countermeasures. The international community has witnessed the use of increasingly sophisticated methods to move illicit funds through financial systems across the globe and has acknowledged the need for improved multilateral cooperation to fight these criminal activities. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund have developed this guide to help countries understand the new international standards. It will hopefully serve as a comprehensive source of practical information for countries to fight money laundering and terrorist financing. It discusses the problems caused by these crimes, the specific actions countries need to take to address them, and the role international organizations, such as the Bank and the IMF, play in the process. This guide is a tool for countries to establish and improve their legal and institutional frameworks and their preventive measures according to international standards and best practices. -- From Foreword (p. ix).
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 296
Book Description
Efforts to launder money and finance terrorism have been evolving rapidly in recent years in response to heightened countermeasures. The international community has witnessed the use of increasingly sophisticated methods to move illicit funds through financial systems across the globe and has acknowledged the need for improved multilateral cooperation to fight these criminal activities. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund have developed this guide to help countries understand the new international standards. It will hopefully serve as a comprehensive source of practical information for countries to fight money laundering and terrorist financing. It discusses the problems caused by these crimes, the specific actions countries need to take to address them, and the role international organizations, such as the Bank and the IMF, play in the process. This guide is a tool for countries to establish and improve their legal and institutional frameworks and their preventive measures according to international standards and best practices. -- From Foreword (p. ix).
Anti-Money Laundering in a Nutshell
Author: Kevin Sullivan
Publisher: Apress
ISBN: 1430261617
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 190
Book Description
Anti–Money Laundering in a Nutshellis a concise, accessible, and practical guide to compliance with anti–money laundering law for financial professionals, corporate investigators, business managers, and all personnel of financial institutions who are required, under penalty of hefty fines, to get anti–money laundering training. Money laundering is endemic. As much as 5 percent of global GDP ($3.6 trillion) is laundered by criminals each year. It’s no wonder that every financial institution in the United States—including banks, credit card companies, insurers, securities brokerages, private funds, and money service businesses—must comply with complex examination, training, and reporting requirements mandated by a welter of federal anti–money laundering (AML) laws. Ignorance of crime is no excuse before the law. Financial institutions and businesses that unknowingly serve as conduits for money laundering are no less liable to prosecution and fines than those that condone or abet it. In Anti–Money Laundering in a Nutshell: Awareness and Compliance for Financial Personnel and Business Managers, Kevin Sullivan draws on a distinguished career as an AML agent and consultant to teach personnel in financial institutions what money laundering is, who does it, how they do it, how to prevent it, how to detect it, and how to report it in compliance with federal law. He traces the dynamic interplay among employees, regulatory examiners, compliance officers, fraud and forensic accountants and technologists, criminal investigators, and prosecutors in following up on reports, catching launderers, and protecting the integrity and reputations of financial institutions and businesses. In particular, corporate investigators will gain rich insights winnowed from the author's experiences as a New York State and federal investigator.
Publisher: Apress
ISBN: 1430261617
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 190
Book Description
Anti–Money Laundering in a Nutshellis a concise, accessible, and practical guide to compliance with anti–money laundering law for financial professionals, corporate investigators, business managers, and all personnel of financial institutions who are required, under penalty of hefty fines, to get anti–money laundering training. Money laundering is endemic. As much as 5 percent of global GDP ($3.6 trillion) is laundered by criminals each year. It’s no wonder that every financial institution in the United States—including banks, credit card companies, insurers, securities brokerages, private funds, and money service businesses—must comply with complex examination, training, and reporting requirements mandated by a welter of federal anti–money laundering (AML) laws. Ignorance of crime is no excuse before the law. Financial institutions and businesses that unknowingly serve as conduits for money laundering are no less liable to prosecution and fines than those that condone or abet it. In Anti–Money Laundering in a Nutshell: Awareness and Compliance for Financial Personnel and Business Managers, Kevin Sullivan draws on a distinguished career as an AML agent and consultant to teach personnel in financial institutions what money laundering is, who does it, how they do it, how to prevent it, how to detect it, and how to report it in compliance with federal law. He traces the dynamic interplay among employees, regulatory examiners, compliance officers, fraud and forensic accountants and technologists, criminal investigators, and prosecutors in following up on reports, catching launderers, and protecting the integrity and reputations of financial institutions and businesses. In particular, corporate investigators will gain rich insights winnowed from the author's experiences as a New York State and federal investigator.
Banking Law: New York Banking Law
Author: New York (State)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Banking law
Languages : en
Pages : 578
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Banking law
Languages : en
Pages : 578
Book Description
Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in Global Financial Systems
Author: Rafay, Abdul
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 179988760X
Category : True Crime
Languages : en
Pages : 374
Book Description
During the last few decades, corrupt financial practices were increasingly being monitored in many countries around the globe. The past few decades have been eventful for these issues. Today, tackling money laundering and terrorism financing are considered key issues in developed and developing countries alike. Eradication of money laundering and terrorism financing through a holistic approach of awareness, prevention, and enforcement is a current need. It has enabled the birth of new regulatory regimes based on strict compliance, robust processes, and technology. One of the many problems with this is the lack of general awareness about all these issues among various stakeholders including researchers and practitioners. Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in Global Financial Systems deepens the discourse about money laundering, terrorism financing, and risk management in a modern-day environment. It provides a fascinating and invaluable guide for understanding the theory, practice, and cases of these topics. Split into two sections, the first being money laundering and terrorism financing and the second being financial governance and risk management, the chapters create comprehensive knowledge on these acts of crime in the financial industry by defining the crimes themselves, the many challenges and impacts, and potential solutions. This book is ideal for government officials, financial professionals, policymakers, academicians, business professionals, managers, IT specialists, researchers, and students.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 179988760X
Category : True Crime
Languages : en
Pages : 374
Book Description
During the last few decades, corrupt financial practices were increasingly being monitored in many countries around the globe. The past few decades have been eventful for these issues. Today, tackling money laundering and terrorism financing are considered key issues in developed and developing countries alike. Eradication of money laundering and terrorism financing through a holistic approach of awareness, prevention, and enforcement is a current need. It has enabled the birth of new regulatory regimes based on strict compliance, robust processes, and technology. One of the many problems with this is the lack of general awareness about all these issues among various stakeholders including researchers and practitioners. Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in Global Financial Systems deepens the discourse about money laundering, terrorism financing, and risk management in a modern-day environment. It provides a fascinating and invaluable guide for understanding the theory, practice, and cases of these topics. Split into two sections, the first being money laundering and terrorism financing and the second being financial governance and risk management, the chapters create comprehensive knowledge on these acts of crime in the financial industry by defining the crimes themselves, the many challenges and impacts, and potential solutions. This book is ideal for government officials, financial professionals, policymakers, academicians, business professionals, managers, IT specialists, researchers, and students.
Powering the Digital Economy: Opportunities and Risks of Artificial Intelligence in Finance
Author: El Bachir Boukherouaa
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1589063953
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 35
Book Description
This paper discusses the impact of the rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the financial sector. It highlights the benefits these technologies bring in terms of financial deepening and efficiency, while raising concerns about its potential in widening the digital divide between advanced and developing economies. The paper advances the discussion on the impact of this technology by distilling and categorizing the unique risks that it could pose to the integrity and stability of the financial system, policy challenges, and potential regulatory approaches. The evolving nature of this technology and its application in finance means that the full extent of its strengths and weaknesses is yet to be fully understood. Given the risk of unexpected pitfalls, countries will need to strengthen prudential oversight.
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1589063953
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 35
Book Description
This paper discusses the impact of the rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the financial sector. It highlights the benefits these technologies bring in terms of financial deepening and efficiency, while raising concerns about its potential in widening the digital divide between advanced and developing economies. The paper advances the discussion on the impact of this technology by distilling and categorizing the unique risks that it could pose to the integrity and stability of the financial system, policy challenges, and potential regulatory approaches. The evolving nature of this technology and its application in finance means that the full extent of its strengths and weaknesses is yet to be fully understood. Given the risk of unexpected pitfalls, countries will need to strengthen prudential oversight.
Preventing Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing
Author:
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821379135
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
"Money laundering and terrorist financing are serious crimes that affect not only those persons directly involved, but the economy as a whole. According to international standards, every bank has the obligation to know its customers and to report suspicious transactions. Although these obligations sound straightforward, they have proved challenging to implement. What information precisely has to be gathered? How should it be recorded? If and when does one have to file a suspicious transaction report? It is here that a supervisor can play a crucial role in helping supervised institutions; first, in understanding the full extent of the obligations of Customer Due Diligence and Suspicious Transaction Reports (STR) and, second, in ensuring that those obligations are not just words on paper but are applied in practice. Effective supervision is key to the success of a country's AML/CFT system. In this regard, field work in both developed and developing countries has shown an overall low compliance in the area of supervision of banks and other financial institutions; supervisory compliance is indeed generally lower than the average level of compliance with all Financial Action Task Force recommendations. As a result, by providing examples of good practices, this book aims to help countries better conform to international standards. In this regard, this handbook is specifically designed for bank supervisors.
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821379135
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
"Money laundering and terrorist financing are serious crimes that affect not only those persons directly involved, but the economy as a whole. According to international standards, every bank has the obligation to know its customers and to report suspicious transactions. Although these obligations sound straightforward, they have proved challenging to implement. What information precisely has to be gathered? How should it be recorded? If and when does one have to file a suspicious transaction report? It is here that a supervisor can play a crucial role in helping supervised institutions; first, in understanding the full extent of the obligations of Customer Due Diligence and Suspicious Transaction Reports (STR) and, second, in ensuring that those obligations are not just words on paper but are applied in practice. Effective supervision is key to the success of a country's AML/CFT system. In this regard, field work in both developed and developing countries has shown an overall low compliance in the area of supervision of banks and other financial institutions; supervisory compliance is indeed generally lower than the average level of compliance with all Financial Action Task Force recommendations. As a result, by providing examples of good practices, this book aims to help countries better conform to international standards. In this regard, this handbook is specifically designed for bank supervisors.
The Economic and Legal Effectiveness of the European Union's Anti-money Laundering Policy
Author: Brigitte Unger
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 9781783472765
Category : Money laundering
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Official government policies against money laundering in the EU have been in place for roughly 25 years, after much concerted effort and a great deal of time and money invested. This volume examines the anti-money laundering policy of the EU Member States in connection to the threat of money laundering they face. During a three-year study the authors analyzed the policies in-depth by traveling to 27 Member States to interview over a hundred people involved in the fight against money laundering. The analysis includes an inquiry into the national supervisory architectures, a comparison of the definitions of money laundering used in practice, a breakdown of the role of Financial Intelligence Units and a cost-benefit analysis of anti-money laundering policy. Skillfully assessing the economic and legal effectiveness of anti-money laundering efforts in the EU, this comprehensive study will appeal to students, scholars and practitioners working in economics, banking, finance and law. Contents 1. Introduction and Operationalization 2. Threat of Money Laundering 3. Harmonization of Substantive Norms in Preventative AML 4. Implementing International Conventions and the Third EU Directive 5. Supervisory Architectures in the Preventive AML Policy 6. Definitions of Money Laundering in Practice 7. FIU's in the European Union - Facts and Figures, Functions and Facilities 8. Information Flows and Repressive Enforcement 9. International Cooperation 10. Collection of Statistics 11. Effectiveness: Threat and Corresponding Policy Response 12. Cost Benefit Analysis 13. Summary and Conclusions
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 9781783472765
Category : Money laundering
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Official government policies against money laundering in the EU have been in place for roughly 25 years, after much concerted effort and a great deal of time and money invested. This volume examines the anti-money laundering policy of the EU Member States in connection to the threat of money laundering they face. During a three-year study the authors analyzed the policies in-depth by traveling to 27 Member States to interview over a hundred people involved in the fight against money laundering. The analysis includes an inquiry into the national supervisory architectures, a comparison of the definitions of money laundering used in practice, a breakdown of the role of Financial Intelligence Units and a cost-benefit analysis of anti-money laundering policy. Skillfully assessing the economic and legal effectiveness of anti-money laundering efforts in the EU, this comprehensive study will appeal to students, scholars and practitioners working in economics, banking, finance and law. Contents 1. Introduction and Operationalization 2. Threat of Money Laundering 3. Harmonization of Substantive Norms in Preventative AML 4. Implementing International Conventions and the Third EU Directive 5. Supervisory Architectures in the Preventive AML Policy 6. Definitions of Money Laundering in Practice 7. FIU's in the European Union - Facts and Figures, Functions and Facilities 8. Information Flows and Repressive Enforcement 9. International Cooperation 10. Collection of Statistics 11. Effectiveness: Threat and Corresponding Policy Response 12. Cost Benefit Analysis 13. Summary and Conclusions