Impact of the HIV Epidemic on the Epidemiology of Cervical Cancer PDF Download
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Author: Georgette Tognevo Adjorlolo-Johnson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 326
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Book Description
Author: Georgette Tognevo Adjorlolo-Johnson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 326
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Book Description
Author: King K. Holmes
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464805253
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1027
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Book Description
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
Author: Christopher Kwesi O. Williams
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319992384
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 55
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Book Description
The lifestyles and socio-economic status that are prevalent in regions of the world with limited resources form the background for the unique features of neoplastic diseases in these areas, where the majority of the world population lives. The predominance of the world’s retroviral burden of in these areas further compounds the nature and challenges of the cancer there. Much of the international cancer literature covers the nature and challenges of the disease as seen in high-income regions of the world, thereby giving a skewed view of the global cancer challenges. As the low- and middle-income regions of the world transition from communicable to non communicable disease patterns, there is a need for a corresponding paradigm shift, with increased emphasis on what the world needs to know about non communicable diseases, including cancer, where the disease is hitherto poorly documented. The main goal of the proposed book is to contribute to this outcomes.
Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9241547006
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 284
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Book Description
Most women who die from cervical cancer, particularly in developing countries, are in the prime of their life. They may be raising children, caring for their family, and contributing to the social and economic life of their town or village. Their death is both a personal tragedy, and a sad and unnecessary loss to their family and their community. Unnecessary, because there is compelling evidence, as this Guide makes clear, that cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable forms of cancer, as long as it is detected early and managed effectively. Unfortunately, the majority of women in developing countries still do not have access to cervical cancer prevention programmes. The consequence is that, often, cervical cancer is not detected until it is too late to be cured. An urgent effort is required if this situation is to be corrected. This Guide is intended to help those responsible for providing services aimed at reducing the burden posed by cervical cancer for women, communities and health systems. It focuses on the knowledge and skills needed by health care providers, at different levels of care.
Author: Gui Liu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 128
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Book Description
In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched an initiative to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem globally. While high-income countries are expected to achieve this goal in the coming decades, the timeline for elimination will be significantly longer for lower-resourced countries with high HIV burden. In low-and-middle income countries, HIV infection is associated with a 7-fold increase in cervical cancer risk. In Kenya, where HIV prevalence among women is 6%, cervical cancer incidence rate is among the highest in the world. Further, a limited number of studies have shown that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection increases HIV risk, raising the question of whether HPV vaccination could reduce HIV burden. As the country prepares to meet the challenge of cervical cancer elimination, strategies for reducing cervical cancer burden in Kenya will need to account for the synergies between the two diseases. This dissertation aimed to comprehensively quantify the interactions between HIV infection and cervical cancer, and estimate the population-level impact of HPV vaccination on cervical cancer and HIV burden in Kenya. Using a matched case-control study nested in a randomized control trial of HIV chemoprophylaxis, we evaluated the association between HPV infection and subsequent HIV acquisition in chapter 2. We found that HPV infections were common among both cases (women who seroconverted) and HIV-negative controls, with infection with one or more HPV types targeted by the nonavalent vaccine detected in 60% of cases and 42% of controls. Adjusting for sexual behaviors and other sexually transmitted infections, women with any HPV infection had 2.5-fold higher risk of HIV acquisition compared to women who were HPV-negative. In particular, infection with a nonavalent vaccine-targeted HPV type increased HIV risk 2.1 times and infection with a quadrivalent-vaccine-targeted type increased HIV risk 1.9 times. These findings suggest that HPV vaccination may reduce HIV incidence. In chapter 3, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize the literature on the effect of HIV infection on HPV natural history. We found that relative to HIV-negative women, women living with HIV had significantly higher risk of HPV acquisition, persistence, and progression to cervical precancerous lesions and cancer, with risks increasing as CD4 cell counts decreased. Antiretroviral therapy lowered the risk of HPV acquisition and persistence, and progression to low-grade precancerous lesions, however, its impact on high-grade lesions and cancer depended on duration of use. Finally, in chapter 4, we evaluated the health effects of HPV vaccination in Kenya using a dynamic compartmental model that accounted for the bidirectional interactions between HPV and HIV infections. The model projected that HPV vaccination will reduce cervical cancer incidence by 62-78% and prevent 146,713- 253,966 cervical cancer cases over 50 years. The impact of vaccination on cervical cancer burden was greatest and occurred earlier when women aged 15-24 were vaccinated in addition to girls aged 10-14. Further, we found that HPV vaccination will reduce HIV prevalence by 7- 10%, averting 20,914-42,505 cases of HIV in men and women over 50 years. Finally, the model projected that HIV prevalence will continue to decline in Kenya, and as a result cervical cancer rates will decline even in the scenario without vaccination. In conclusion, cervical cancer burden in Kenya can be substantially reduced with HPV vaccination; particularly if the vaccination strategy includes young women aged 15-24. While HPV vaccination had a lesser impact on HIV burden, it should be included as a component of a comprehensive HIV prevention package. Overall, our findings highlighted the importance of accounting for the changing HIV epidemiology in Kenya when considering HPV vaccination strategies.
Author: Karima Chaabna
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Background: In Africa, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been the highest in the world. Furthermore, cancer incidence is increasing. Objective: This thesis work presents a part of the impact of these infections on the cancer burden in northern and sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS-related cancers, namely Kaposi sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and cervical cancer, were described to assess the impact of HIV/AIDS on cancer epidemiology in Algerian, Tunisian, Egyptian, Ugandan, and Zimbabwean populations. Furthermore, for the impact of HCV infection, the epidemiology of NHL as an extra-hepatic HCV-related cancer was also studied. Results: Ugandan HIV/AIDS prevalence has declined since the early 1990s, and in Zimbabwe, after an increase until the end of the 1990s, rates have gone down. In Algeria, the retrospective study performed during this thesis work showed that risk of death and standardized mortality ratio, comparing the mortality of HIV-positive patients with that of the general population, have decreased after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1998 in Algeria. However, the late stage of the disease among HIV/AIDS patients at diagnosis warns of the high risk of HIV/AIDS transmission. These observations suggest that Algeria needs to couple HAART use with a more effective prevention programme to fight the increase in the number of HIV/AIDS cases. KS incidence was higher in the sub-Saharan African populations studied than in the northern African populations; however, among women it was similar in Uganda and Zimbabwe. With the emergence of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, KS incidence increased dramatically in both sub-Saharan African populations studied, and it has followed the HIV/AIDS time trend in Zimbabwe. However, in Uganda although HIV/AIDS prevalence has decreased, KS incidence has remained stable among women and elderly men (>50 years old). The decrease in KS incidence was observed only in young Ugandan men (
Author: Christopher Kwesi O. Williams
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319993623
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 171
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Book Description
The lifestyles and socio-economic status that are prevalent in regions of the world with limited resources form the background for the unique features of neoplastic diseases in these areas, where the majority of the world population lives. The predominance of the world’s retroviral burden of in these areas further compounds the nature and challenges of the cancer there. Much of the international cancer literature covers the nature and challenges of the disease as seen in high-income regions of the world, thereby giving a skewed view of the global cancer challenges. As the low- and middle-income regions of the world transition from communicable to non communicable disease patterns, there is a need for a corresponding paradigm shift, with increased emphasis on what the world needs to know about non communicable diseases, including cancer, where the disease is hitherto poorly documented. The main goal of the proposed book is to contribute to this outcomes.
Author: National Research Council and Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309176212
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 352
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Book Description
This volume addresses the interface of two major national problems: the epidemic of HIV-AIDS and the widespread use of illegal injection drugs. Should communities have the option of giving drug users sterile needles or bleach for cleaning needs in order to reduce the spread of HIV? Does needle distribution worsen the drug problem, as opponents of such programs argue? Do they reduce the spread of other serious diseases, such as hepatitis? Do they result in more used needles being carelessly discarded in the community? The panel takes a critical look at the available data on needle exchange and bleach distribution programs, reaches conclusions about their efficacy, and offers concrete recommendations for public policy to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS. The book includes current knowledge about the epidemiologies of HIV/AIDS and injection drug use; characteristics of needle exchange and bleach distribution programs and views on those programs from diverse community groups; and a discussion of laws designed to control possession of needles, their impact on needle sharing among injection drug users, and their implications for needle exchange programs.
Author: Emily S. Wu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 20
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Book Description
Objectives: To determine how HIV infection impacts cervical cancer stage and overall survival (OS) among Ugandan women. Methods/Materials: Women diagnosed with cervical cancer were followed between 2013 and 2015 at the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI). A Poisson regression model was fit to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) for the association between HIV infection and late stage at cancer diagnosis. The association between HIV infection and OS after cervical cancer diagnosis was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: 53 HIV-positive and 96 HIV-negative participants were enrolled. Median age at diagnosis was 44 years (IQR 39-48) for HIV-positive and 54 years (IQR 47-62) for HIV-negative participants. 77% of HIV-positive participants were receiving antiretroviral therapy. Median baseline CD4 count was 373 cells/mm3 (IQR 300-502) for HIV-positive participants versus 926 cells/mm3 (IQR 639-1045) for HIV-negative participants. Thirty-two percent of HIV-positive participants were diagnosed with late stage cervical cancer (III-IV) versus 39% of HIV-negative participants (p=0.4). After adjusting for age, number of live births, and cost of transportation, no association was found between late stage at cancer diagnosis and HIV status (PR 1.03, 95%CI 0.60-1.78, p=0.9). Most women presenting for care received treatment (85% of HIV-positive versus 75% of HIV-negative), though almost half who received radiotherapy did not receive adequate treatment. There were 35 deaths among HIV-positive and 45 among HIV-negative participants. The median OS was significantly shorter for HIV-positive participants (14.7 months vs 24.3 months for HIV-negative participants, p=0.05). After adjusting for age and stage, HIV infection was weakly, but not statistically significantly, associated with OS (HR 1.35, 95%CI 0.83-2.17). Conclusions: Cervical cancer remains morbid and often incompletely treated in Uganda. HIV infection was not associated with the stage of cervical cancer at diagnosis, but may be weakly associated with shorter survival, although our limited sample size prohibits definitive statistical evidence.
Author: Ole Møller Jensen
Publisher: IARC
ISBN: 9283211952
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 295
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Book Description
Data obtained by population based cancer registries have a pivotal role in cancer control. Now also available in Spanish and French, this volume, which contains 15 authored chapters and four useful appendices, remains a standard reference for those planning to establish new cancer registries and those keen to adopt recognized methodologies. Information is given on the techniques required to collect, store, analyse and interpret data.
