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Author: Edward O. Gangstad
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chemicals
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Book Description
When a herbicide has entered a body of water it begins to dissipate at a rate affected by the: (1) water depth, (2) mean temperature, (3) rate of treatment, and (4) time after treatment. In the case of moving waters, the dissipation rate can also be affected by volume dilution as a function of the surface area to the total area, and the time as a function of the rate of flow. Because of dilution, herbicide residues may be quickly eliminated from water, but residues in the bottom mud may remain for several months or longer depending on the pH of the water, the type of clay and the herbicide used. In addition to dilution, photo, chemical and biological degradation play a large part in herbicide removal. In fact, laboratory studies show that microbial activity is the major factor involved in herbicide degradation. Organic herbicides such as 2, 4-D are relatively nontoxic to animals, and when used properly, cause a minimum of injury to aquatic flora and fauna. Numerous feeding studies show that herbicides, are rapidly excreted in body wastes with little or no signs of accumulation in tissue. It follows that fragmentation of the herbicide molecule through metabolism can actually result in detoxification and the formation of utilizable products. In the case of 2,4-D these end products are CO2, H2O and a chloride or a terminal residue of a more complex molecule. (Author).
Author: Edward O. Gangstad
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chemicals
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Book Description
When a herbicide has entered a body of water it begins to dissipate at a rate affected by the: (1) water depth, (2) mean temperature, (3) rate of treatment, and (4) time after treatment. In the case of moving waters, the dissipation rate can also be affected by volume dilution as a function of the surface area to the total area, and the time as a function of the rate of flow. Because of dilution, herbicide residues may be quickly eliminated from water, but residues in the bottom mud may remain for several months or longer depending on the pH of the water, the type of clay and the herbicide used. In addition to dilution, photo, chemical and biological degradation play a large part in herbicide removal. In fact, laboratory studies show that microbial activity is the major factor involved in herbicide degradation. Organic herbicides such as 2, 4-D are relatively nontoxic to animals, and when used properly, cause a minimum of injury to aquatic flora and fauna. Numerous feeding studies show that herbicides, are rapidly excreted in body wastes with little or no signs of accumulation in tissue. It follows that fragmentation of the herbicide molecule through metabolism can actually result in detoxification and the formation of utilizable products. In the case of 2,4-D these end products are CO2, H2O and a chloride or a terminal residue of a more complex molecule. (Author).
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural estension work
Languages : en
Pages : 458
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Book Description
Author: Shobha Sondhia
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811310386
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 465
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Book Description
Herbicides constitute about 60% of the total pesticides consumed globally. In India, the use of herbicides started initially in tea gardens and picked up in the 1970s, when the high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat were introduced. Presently, 67 herbicides are registered in the country for controlling weeds in crops including cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibre and tuber crops, and also in the non-crop situations. These chemicals are becoming increasingly popular because of their efficiency and relatively low cost compared with manual or mechanical weeding operations. The contribution of herbicide to total pesticide use, which was only 10-15% during the first decade of the 21st century, has now increased to about 25% with an annual growth rate of 15-20%, which is much higher than insecticides and fungicides. Though the application of herbicides is minimizing yield loss to a great extent, their residues in the food chain and surface and groundwater create some environmental nuisance particularly to non-target organisms. Research on pesticide residues in India was started during 1970s, when such chemicals were introduced on a greater scale along with high-yielding variety seeds, irrigation and chemical fertilizers for increasing food production. However, the herbicide residue research was not given much emphasis until 1990s. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research initiated a national level programme known as All India Coordinated Research Project on Weed Management through the NRC-Weed Science as the main centre along with some centers of ICAR Institutes and state agricultural universities. Over the last two decades, adequate information was generated on estimation, degradation and mitigation of herbicide residues, which were documented in annual reports, bulletins, monographs and scientific articles. However, there was no consolidated compilation of all the available information providing a critical analysis of herbicide residues. Accordingly, an effort has been made in the publication to compile the available information on herbicide residues in India. This is the first report of its kind which presents the findings of herbicide residues and their interactions in the biotic and abiotic environment. There are 16 chapters contributed by the leading herbicide residue scientists, each describing the present status of herbicide use, crops and cropping systems, monitoring, degradation and mitigation, followed by conclusions and future lines of work. This book will be useful to the weed scientists in general and herbicide residue chemists in particular, besides the policy makers, students and all those concerned with the agricultural production in the country.
Author: United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Pesticide Programs
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Pesticides
Languages : en
Pages : 104
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Book Description
Author: Wendell R. Mullison
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Book Description
Author: E.O. Gangstad
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1351086170
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 245
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Book Description
Aquatic plants continue to create problems associated with navigation, flood control, agriculture, irrigation and drainage, values of lands, conservation of wildlife and fisheries, and water resource supply. While much research is being done to find more effective and economic control measures, there is now a great need to apply known facts to achieve a measure of control by the means available. It is the purpose of this volume to provide a scientifically documented treatise of the known facts as they apply to the control of aquatic weeds in river basins and their allied waterways with particular emphasis on alligator weed and water hyacinth.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural pests
Languages : en
Pages : 760
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Book Description
Author: Raj Grover
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780849343773
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 320
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Book Description
This publication is rare among those texts on pesticides in that it covers herbicides exclusively. It presents, in one source, information that is typically scattered. This important publication enables the reader to recommend herbicide use more reliably and efficiently. It also highlights environmental issues relevant to herbicide use in agriculture. The book outlines potential areas of further research. This title is of particular value to weed scientists, environmental chemists and engineers, soil scientists, and those responsible for recommending and/or regulating use of herbicides in agriculture. Focuses On: ? Increasing efficiency of herbicides in agriculture ? Decreasing environmental contamination with herbicides ? Dissipation and transformations in water and sediment ? Nature, transport, and fate of airborne residues ? Absorption and transport in plants ? Transformations in biosphere ? Bioaccumulation and food chain accumulation ? Photochemical transformations ? Bound residues ? Predictability and environmental chemistry
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Water
Languages : en
Pages : 732
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Book Description
Author: Smithsonian Science Information Exchange
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Environmental health
Languages : en
Pages : 1478
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Book Description
