Grapevine Leafroll Virus and Mealybug Prevention and Management in Oregon Vineyards PDF Download
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Grapes
Languages : en
Pages : 4
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Grapes
Languages : en
Pages : 4
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Grapes
Languages : en
Pages : 6
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Author: Baozhong Meng
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319577069
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 688
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Book Description
The domestication of grapes dates back five thousand years ago and has spread to nearly all continents. In recent years, grape acreage has increased dramatically in new regions, including the United States of America, Chile, Asia (China and India), and Turkey. A major limiting factor to the sustained production of premium grapes and wines is infections by viruses. The advent of powerful molecular and metagenomics technologies, such as molecular cloning and next generation sequencing, allowed the discovery of new viruses from grapes. To date, grapevine is susceptible to 64 viruses that belong to highly diverse taxonomic groups. The most damaging diseases include: (1) infectious degeneration; (2) leafroll disease complex; and (3) rugose wood complex. Recently, two new disease syndromes have been recognized: Syrah decline and red blotch. Losses due to fanleaf degeneration are estimated at $1 billion annually in France alone. Other diseases including leafroll, rugose wood, Syrah de cline and red blotch can result in total crop loss several years post-infection. This situation is further exacerbated by mixed infections with multiple viruses and other biotic as well as adverse abiotic environmental conditions, such as drought and winter damage, causing even greater destruction. The book builds upon the last handbook (written over twenty years ago) on the part of diagnostics and extensively expands its scope by inclusion of molecular biology aspects of select viruses that are widespread and economically most important. This includes most current information on the biology, transmission, genome replication, transcription, subcellular localization, as well as virus-host interactions. It also touches on several novel areas of scientific inquiry. It also contains suggested directions for future research in the field of grapevine virology.
Author: Jonathan Scott O'Hearn
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Animals as carriers of disease
Languages : en
Pages : 85
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Book Description
Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is the most economically important viral disease in wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). In Washington State vineyards, the grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn; Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is the primary vector of Grapevine Leafroll associated Viruses (GLRaVs) which are the causal agents of GLD. While grape mealybug is a known vector, it was unknown how efficient this vector was at spreading GLD.Rearing laboratory colonies of grape mealybug has proven difficult. Several host plants were tested to determine their suitability for use as an alternate host plants for laboratory colonies of grape mealybug. Of the plants tested, colonies of grape mealybug were successful on pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo cv 'Connecticut field') leaves and vines. Mealybugs were able to develop from the crawler stage, through developmental instars, and adults were able to reproduce viable offspring.In greenhouse transmission bioassays we tested infestations of five and one GLRaV-3 infected grape mealybug crawlers per grapevine (cv. 'Chardonnay') to see if transmission occurred. The five grape mealybug per vine treatment had transmission occurred in six out of the twenty recipient vines by year two. The one grape mealybug per vine treatment had transmission occurred in two out of the twenty recipient vines in both the first and second year tested. Our experiment confirmed an earlier predicted estimate that feeding by a single GLRaV-3 infected grape mealybug had the probability of transmission of 0.10 ℗ł 0.003.Current control recommendations for slowing the spread of GLRaVs include one to two applications of insecticides to reduce vector populations. Systemic insecticides require the insect to feed before death or paralysis occurs. It was unknown if systemic insecticides could paralyze or kill grape mealybug quickly enough to reduce their ability to vector GLRaVs. Hence, we tested imidacloprid, spirotetramat, and flupyradifurone to see if these insecticides would have any effect on grape mealybug's efficiency to vector GLRaV-3 on treated grapevines. We conclude that these systemic insecticides do not convey any additional protection to grapevines. However, these insecticides are still useful for reducing vector populations and indirectly reduce the potential spread of GLRaVs among vines in vineyards.
Author: LARRY J. BETTIGA
Publisher: UCANR Publications
ISBN: 1601078005
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 625
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Book Description
In the much anticipated 3rd edition of Grape Pest Management, more than 70 research scientists, cooperative extension advisors and specialists, growers, and pest control advisers have consolidated the latest scientific studies and research into one handy reference. The result is a comprehensive, easy-to-read pest management tool. The new edition, the first in over a decade, includes several new invasive species that are now major pests. It also reflects an improved understanding among researchers, farmers, and growers about the biology of pests. With nine expansive chapters, helpful, colorful photos throughout, here’s more of what you’ll find: •Diagnostic techniques for identifying vineyard problems •Detailed descriptions of more than a dozen diseases •Comprehensive, illustrated listings of insect and mite pests,including the recently emerging glassy winged sharpshooter and Virginia creeper leaf-hopper •Regional calendars of events for viticultural management •Up-to-date strategies for vegetation management
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Phytopathogenic microorganisms
Languages : en
Pages : 674
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Author: Kris E. Godfrey
Publisher: UCANR Publications
ISBN: 9781601073624
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 20
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This booklet contains detailed descriptions to help you identify the mealybugs found in your vineyard. You'll learn how they cause damage and how to take action with suggested biological, cultural, and chemical controls for each species.
Author: Vaughan Bell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
New Zealand winegrowers face a problem: insect pests that are abundant and difficult to control transmitting an economically important disease. The longtailed (Pseudococcus longispinus), citrophilus (P. calceolariae) and obscure (P. viburni) mealybugs transmit Grapevine Leafroll associated Virus type 3 (GLRaV-3). With no cure, the disease can spread rapidly and has multiple quantitative and qualitative impacts. Since 2006, searches in Hawke’s Bay vineyards revealed that on average ~20% of bunches at harvest were mealybug infested (n=25 vineyards). This seminar gives a brief overview of the New Zealand wine sector and its increasingly important contribution to the economy. The scale of the problem is illustrated by focusing on two aspects: mealybug dispersal and vine removal. Aerial dispersal of the youngest mealybug life stage has reinforced to growers the need to adopt effective strategies around mealybug monitoring and management. Controlling the disease relies on a combination of pest management supported by a programme to identify and remove all sources of the virus. Observations suggest that much of the focus of virus-infected vine removal has been around aerial parts with little regard given to the root system. This approach appears flawed because remnant roots persist long after vine removal. Results quantifying the infection status of remnant roots and subterranean mealybugs are presented, with the implications to a virus elimination strategy discussed.
Author: Alexander Varaksa Jr
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is an economically damaging viral disease of grapevine that is negatively impacting the wine industry by reducing yields and delaying fruit ripening. Recent studies have indicated that GLD presence has been identified in the northeast U.S. Unfortunately, little information is known on GLD presence and spread in Pennsylvania, the impacts of GLD, and how to properly manage it. GLD impact has been shown to be variable as well, where different factors such as the environment, cultivar, rootstock, virus species, or mixed infection can play a role in disease severity. Additionally, the spread and impact of GLD over time is not well understood, suggesting a need for multi-location and multi-year studies. The goal of this research was to determine GLD spread over time in four vineyards located in different climatic regions in Pennsylvania, determine GLD impact in each location over several years, and correlate disease impact with site-specific weather conditions, which would provide useful information for future GLD studies and for growers. This thesis has three main objectives, and each objective is addressed in a separate chapter of the thesis. The first chapter focuses on identifying GLD presence and spread within four commercial vineyards located in regions with considerable weather variability across Pennsylvania. Within the first chapter, vineyard blocks were tested for GLD each year to determine if the disease was spreading from year to year. Vector scouting was conducted to determine if mealybug vectors are present in the vineyards, which would indicate that disease can continue to spread. I hypothesized that disease spread would occur within vineyards if mealybug vectors were found. At this current time, no mealybug management or scouting practices are conducted in any of the vineyards by growers. The second objective of this thesis was to determine disease impact on vine vegetative growth, production, and fruit quality over the span of three years by evaluating GLD effects at four commercial vineyards and comparing within and across seasons. In Pennsylvania, growers have little to no information regarding the effect of GLD on vine parameters. Through this objective, I identified if vine production and fruit quality differences between healthy and GLD infected vines were consistent or varied across years and regions, and if the results can impact a grower's production. I hypothesized that GLD-infected vines will have lower yields by having lower cluster weights, reduced pruning weights, and will be less cold hardy due to the viruses' impact on carbohydrate assimilation and storage in the vines. I also hypothesized that fruit from infected vines will have lower total soluble solids (TSS) and higher titratable acidity (TA) at harvest due to delayed vine maturity caused by GLD. Additionally, GLD impact will vary across sites and regions, as differences in weather conditions may play a role in disease effects. The third objective of this thesis was to identify the influence of weather parameters on GLD impacts on infected vines compared to uninfected. This objective focused on two common weather parameters that heavily influence vine growth, productivity and fruit quality, rainfall and growing degree days (GDD) measured each season at the four commercial vineyards. This objective could help identify if the severity of GLD's effects on vines vary with seasonal weather conditions (e.g., lower or higher seasonal temperatures). For this objective, I hypothesized that the effect of weather will differ in GLD-infected vines when compared to non-infected vines. Differences between GLD-infected and non-infected vines will be more relevant under unfavorable conditions (i.e., more rainfall, less heat accumulation) for berry development and ripening in the northeastern US. However, GLD-infected vines in areas or seasons with higher GDD and less rainfall might be able to assimilate enough carbon to properly ripen the fruit, leading to similar trends in GLD-infected and non-infected vines. Results from this research can provide useful information for incorporating weather conditions into GLD impact studies that allows for GLD effect correlation with weather. My findings also show the importance of conducting GLD research in several locations over longer periods of time to get proper assessments of GLD effect. Showing that GLD impact is site-dependent would be useful in developing proper management strategies for growers based on the effects in their vineyards.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Grapes
Languages : en
Pages : 4
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Book Description
