Author: Diane Lapp
Publisher: Teacher Created Materials
ISBN: 142581557X
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 282
Book Description
Explore the what, why, and how of close reading to give students in grades 35 the tools they need to be successful. In this must-have guide, teachers will learn the key elements of a close reading lesson as well as strategies for analyzing and selecting a text and how to support students based on their progress and performance. The included lesson template will allow teachers to not only use the provided lessons and texts but also create their own. Correlated to standards, this book includes grade-specific sample close reading lessons and digital copies of teacher and student resources.
Dive into Close Reading: Strategies for Your 3-5 Classroom
Author: Diane Lapp
Publisher: Teacher Created Materials
ISBN: 142581557X
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 282
Book Description
Explore the what, why, and how of close reading to give students in grades 35 the tools they need to be successful. In this must-have guide, teachers will learn the key elements of a close reading lesson as well as strategies for analyzing and selecting a text and how to support students based on their progress and performance. The included lesson template will allow teachers to not only use the provided lessons and texts but also create their own. Correlated to standards, this book includes grade-specific sample close reading lessons and digital copies of teacher and student resources.
Publisher: Teacher Created Materials
ISBN: 142581557X
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 282
Book Description
Explore the what, why, and how of close reading to give students in grades 35 the tools they need to be successful. In this must-have guide, teachers will learn the key elements of a close reading lesson as well as strategies for analyzing and selecting a text and how to support students based on their progress and performance. The included lesson template will allow teachers to not only use the provided lessons and texts but also create their own. Correlated to standards, this book includes grade-specific sample close reading lessons and digital copies of teacher and student resources.
Dive into Close Reading: Strategies for Your K-2 Classroom
Author: Diane Lapp
Publisher: Teacher Created Materials
ISBN: 1480757764
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
Explore the what, why, and how of close reading to give students in grades K2 the tools they need to be successful. In this must-have guide, teachers will learn the key elements of a close reading lesson as well as strategies for analyzing and selecting a text and how to support students based on their progress and performance. The included lesson template will allow teachers to not only use the provided lessons and texts but also create their own. Correlated to standards, this book includes grade-specific sample close reading lessons and digital copies of teacher and student resources.
Publisher: Teacher Created Materials
ISBN: 1480757764
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
Explore the what, why, and how of close reading to give students in grades K2 the tools they need to be successful. In this must-have guide, teachers will learn the key elements of a close reading lesson as well as strategies for analyzing and selecting a text and how to support students based on their progress and performance. The included lesson template will allow teachers to not only use the provided lessons and texts but also create their own. Correlated to standards, this book includes grade-specific sample close reading lessons and digital copies of teacher and student resources.
The Daily 5
Author: Gail Boushey
Publisher: Stenhouse Publishers
ISBN: 1571109749
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 211
Book Description
The Daily 5, Second Edition retains the core literacy components that made the first edition one of the most widely read books in education and enhances these practices based on years of further experience in classrooms and compelling new brain research. The Daily 5 provides a way for any teacher to structure literacy (and now math) time to increase student independence and allow for individualized attention in small groups and one-on-one. Teachers and schools implementing the Daily 5 will do the following: Spend less time on classroom management and more time teaching Help students develop independence, stamina, and accountability Provide students with abundant time for practicing reading, writing, and math Increase the time teachers spend with students one-on-one and in small groups Improve schoolwide achievement and success in literacy and math. The Daily 5, Second Edition gives teachers everything they need to launch and sustain the Daily 5, including materials and setup, model behaviors, detailed lesson plans, specific tips for implementing each component, and solutions to common challenges. By following this simple and proven structure, teachers can move from a harried classroom toward one that hums with productive and engaged learners. What's new in the second edition: Detailed launch plans for the first three weeks Full color photos, figures, and charts Increased flexibility regarding when and how to introduce each Daily 5 choice New chapter on differentiating instruction by age and stamina Ideas about how to integrate the Daily 5 with the CAFE assessment system New chapter on the Math Daily 3 structure
Publisher: Stenhouse Publishers
ISBN: 1571109749
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 211
Book Description
The Daily 5, Second Edition retains the core literacy components that made the first edition one of the most widely read books in education and enhances these practices based on years of further experience in classrooms and compelling new brain research. The Daily 5 provides a way for any teacher to structure literacy (and now math) time to increase student independence and allow for individualized attention in small groups and one-on-one. Teachers and schools implementing the Daily 5 will do the following: Spend less time on classroom management and more time teaching Help students develop independence, stamina, and accountability Provide students with abundant time for practicing reading, writing, and math Increase the time teachers spend with students one-on-one and in small groups Improve schoolwide achievement and success in literacy and math. The Daily 5, Second Edition gives teachers everything they need to launch and sustain the Daily 5, including materials and setup, model behaviors, detailed lesson plans, specific tips for implementing each component, and solutions to common challenges. By following this simple and proven structure, teachers can move from a harried classroom toward one that hums with productive and engaged learners. What's new in the second edition: Detailed launch plans for the first three weeks Full color photos, figures, and charts Increased flexibility regarding when and how to introduce each Daily 5 choice New chapter on differentiating instruction by age and stamina Ideas about how to integrate the Daily 5 with the CAFE assessment system New chapter on the Math Daily 3 structure
Readicide
Author: Kelly Gallagher
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1003843549
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 128
Book Description
Read-i-cide: The systematic killing of the love of reading, often exacerbated by the inane, mind-numbing practices found in schools. Reading is dying in our schools. Educators are familiar with many of the factors that have contributed to the decline, poverty, second-language issues, and the ever-expanding choices of electronic entertainment. In this provocative book Readicide: How Schools are Killing Reading and What You Can Do About It , author and teacher Kelly Gallagher suggests it is time to recognize a new and significant contributor to the death of reading: our schools. Readicide , Gallagher argues that American schools are actively (though unwittingly) furthering the decline of reading. Specifically, he contends that the standard instructional practices used in most schools are killing reading by:Valuing standardized testing over the development of lifelong readersMandating breadth over depth in instructionRequiring students to read difficult texts without proper instructional support and insisting students focus on academic textsIgnoring the importance of developing recreational readingLosing sight of authentic instruction in the looming shadow of political pressuresReadicide provides teachers, literacy coaches, and administrators with specific steps to reverse the downward spiral in reading-;steps that will help prevent the loss of another generation of readers.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1003843549
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 128
Book Description
Read-i-cide: The systematic killing of the love of reading, often exacerbated by the inane, mind-numbing practices found in schools. Reading is dying in our schools. Educators are familiar with many of the factors that have contributed to the decline, poverty, second-language issues, and the ever-expanding choices of electronic entertainment. In this provocative book Readicide: How Schools are Killing Reading and What You Can Do About It , author and teacher Kelly Gallagher suggests it is time to recognize a new and significant contributor to the death of reading: our schools. Readicide , Gallagher argues that American schools are actively (though unwittingly) furthering the decline of reading. Specifically, he contends that the standard instructional practices used in most schools are killing reading by:Valuing standardized testing over the development of lifelong readersMandating breadth over depth in instructionRequiring students to read difficult texts without proper instructional support and insisting students focus on academic textsIgnoring the importance of developing recreational readingLosing sight of authentic instruction in the looming shadow of political pressuresReadicide provides teachers, literacy coaches, and administrators with specific steps to reverse the downward spiral in reading-;steps that will help prevent the loss of another generation of readers.
Close Reading with Paired Texts Secondary
Author: Timothy Rasinski
Publisher: Teacher Created Materials
ISBN: 1425830331
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 128
Book Description
Engage students in complex literary strategies as they dive into exploring rich pairs of fiction and nonfiction texts. Written by Lori Oczkus and Timothy Rasinski, this resource brings together two key strategies from the Common Core State Standards: close reading of paired texts. It provides teachers with the opportunity to use close reading strategies, reciprocal teaching, paired fiction/nonfiction texts, text sets, text-dependent questions, and hands-on activities. It includes 12 units across 4 content areas: language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. Key differentiation strategies used in today's classrooms are provided including open-ended tasks and activities strong for multiple intelligences, and each unit includes text-dependent assessment for each text type. Aligned to McREL and Common Core State Standards, this resource prepares students for college and career.
Publisher: Teacher Created Materials
ISBN: 1425830331
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 128
Book Description
Engage students in complex literary strategies as they dive into exploring rich pairs of fiction and nonfiction texts. Written by Lori Oczkus and Timothy Rasinski, this resource brings together two key strategies from the Common Core State Standards: close reading of paired texts. It provides teachers with the opportunity to use close reading strategies, reciprocal teaching, paired fiction/nonfiction texts, text sets, text-dependent questions, and hands-on activities. It includes 12 units across 4 content areas: language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. Key differentiation strategies used in today's classrooms are provided including open-ended tasks and activities strong for multiple intelligences, and each unit includes text-dependent assessment for each text type. Aligned to McREL and Common Core State Standards, this resource prepares students for college and career.
Confetti Kids #10: Pablo's Pet (Dive Into Reading, Emergent)
Author: Sheri Tan
Publisher: Confetti Kids
ISBN: 9781643792064
Category : Juvenile Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 32
Book Description
"Pablo learns to deal with the loss of his much-loved pet fish with the help of his friends and family"--
Publisher: Confetti Kids
ISBN: 9781643792064
Category : Juvenile Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 32
Book Description
"Pablo learns to deal with the loss of his much-loved pet fish with the help of his friends and family"--
Confetti Kids #9: The Protest (Dive Into Reading, Emergent)
Author: Samantha Thornhill
Publisher: Confetti Kids
ISBN: 9781643792095
Category : Juvenile Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 32
Book Description
In this new book in the popular Confetti Kids series, Lily and her friends organize a protest in order to save their neighborhood public garden from being demolished. Five friends from diverse backgrounds learn how to navigate common childhood challenges, new experiences, and the world around them in the realistic and kid-friendly Confetti Kids early chapter books. In this story, Lily learns that the community garden is going to be torn down and made into a parking lot. Lily and her friends are upset by the news. They decide to form a protest and call on friends, neighbors, and reporters to participate and save their beloved garden. On the morning of the protest, Lily is unsure if their efforts will work. After all, she and her friends are just kids, and no one is going to listen to them. . . . Or can they prove that kids can make a difference too?
Publisher: Confetti Kids
ISBN: 9781643792095
Category : Juvenile Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 32
Book Description
In this new book in the popular Confetti Kids series, Lily and her friends organize a protest in order to save their neighborhood public garden from being demolished. Five friends from diverse backgrounds learn how to navigate common childhood challenges, new experiences, and the world around them in the realistic and kid-friendly Confetti Kids early chapter books. In this story, Lily learns that the community garden is going to be torn down and made into a parking lot. Lily and her friends are upset by the news. They decide to form a protest and call on friends, neighbors, and reporters to participate and save their beloved garden. On the morning of the protest, Lily is unsure if their efforts will work. After all, she and her friends are just kids, and no one is going to listen to them. . . . Or can they prove that kids can make a difference too?
Guided Practice for Reading Growth, Grades 4-8
Author: Laura Robb
Publisher: Corwin
ISBN: 1071820451
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 169
Book Description
Use these lessons to build developing readers’ skill and desire to read, read, read! This book will be your guide as you support middle grade students who are reading two or more years below grade level. The lessons enlarge students’ vocabulary and background knowledge and engage them in meaningful discussions and writing about their reading. As students’ reading skill and desire to read increases, you’ll watch them complete more independent reading and ramp up their reading volume—the practice they need to improve! Guided Practice for Reading Growth provides all you need to get started. Laura Robb and poet David L. Harrison have collaborated to design twenty-four powerful reading lessons using original poems and short texts that interest your students and encourage them to think deeply. The opening chapters offer background knowledge for the lessons and teaching tips, then the bulk of this book consists of lessons—with full texts and suggested videos provided. Guided practice lessons are the instructional piece that can move developing readers forward by building their self-confidence and the reading expertise needed to read to learn and for pleasure. This unique book shows you how to: · Build students’ background knowledge by watching and discussing videos. · Use the poems to improve reading and to improve fluency through practice and performance. · Invite students to write about their reading and increase comprehension and recall. · Ask partners to discuss before, during, and after reading as meaningful talk enlarges students’ analytical thinking and understanding. · Design your own lessons for students with extra texts by David L. Harrison in the appendix. Use this book to develop students’ self-confidence and the reading skill they require to become lifelong, joyful readers!
Publisher: Corwin
ISBN: 1071820451
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 169
Book Description
Use these lessons to build developing readers’ skill and desire to read, read, read! This book will be your guide as you support middle grade students who are reading two or more years below grade level. The lessons enlarge students’ vocabulary and background knowledge and engage them in meaningful discussions and writing about their reading. As students’ reading skill and desire to read increases, you’ll watch them complete more independent reading and ramp up their reading volume—the practice they need to improve! Guided Practice for Reading Growth provides all you need to get started. Laura Robb and poet David L. Harrison have collaborated to design twenty-four powerful reading lessons using original poems and short texts that interest your students and encourage them to think deeply. The opening chapters offer background knowledge for the lessons and teaching tips, then the bulk of this book consists of lessons—with full texts and suggested videos provided. Guided practice lessons are the instructional piece that can move developing readers forward by building their self-confidence and the reading expertise needed to read to learn and for pleasure. This unique book shows you how to: · Build students’ background knowledge by watching and discussing videos. · Use the poems to improve reading and to improve fluency through practice and performance. · Invite students to write about their reading and increase comprehension and recall. · Ask partners to discuss before, during, and after reading as meaningful talk enlarges students’ analytical thinking and understanding. · Design your own lessons for students with extra texts by David L. Harrison in the appendix. Use this book to develop students’ self-confidence and the reading skill they require to become lifelong, joyful readers!
Reciprocal Teaching at Work, 3rd Edition
Author: Lori D. Oczkus
Publisher: ASCD
ISBN: 1416625992
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 386
Book Description
In this fully revised and expanded third edition of the bestselling Reciprocal Teaching at Work, Lori D. Oczkus provides both tried-and-true and fresh solutions for teaching reading comprehension. Reciprocal teaching is a scaffolded discussion technique that builds on the Fab Four strategies that good readers use to understand text: predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing. With a focus on these four evidence-based and classroom-tested strategies, Oczkus presents new ways to use reciprocal teaching to improve students' comprehension while actively engaging them in learning and encouraging independence. Appealing to students and teachers alike, reciprocal teaching encompasses social aspects of teaching and learning with modeling, think-alouds, and discussion. This helpful guide is packed with fresh material, including * More than 40 new and updated step-by-step lessons and minilessons that reflect current thinking and best practice. * Dozens of rich suggestions for diving into informational texts. * Updated research and relevant results that show the effectiveness of reciprocal teaching. * Creative and targeted tips that capitalize on the specific benefits of whole-class settings, guided reading groups, and literature circles. * Ideas for differentiating instruction for struggling readers and English language learners. * New and newly designed support materials, including reproducibles, posters, bookmarks, and a lesson planning menu. With a wealth of ideas to get you started—and keep you going—this is the all-inclusive resource you need to help students become active, engaged, and independent readers who truly comprehend what they read. Reviews and Testimonials "Literacy coach and author Lori Oczkus knows how to take the best of what works from long-established research and showcase it to make teaching and learning more effective, engaging, and enjoyable. In her latest edition of Reciprocal Teaching at Work, she demonstrates how to scaffold instruction so that all K–12 students can benefit from reciprocal teaching techniques, what she calls the "Fab Four"—predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing—in whole-group, guided reading, and book club settings, for both fiction and informational texts. In clearly delineated lessons and minilessons, Lori deftly shares how to support students' learning, including English language learners and students who struggle, so they can successfully apply and monitor those four discussion strategies—as well as troubleshoot problems—to yield significant progress in their reading comprehension. Filled with great practical ideas, this gem of a book is a must-have for all literacy educators!" —Regie Routman, author of Read, Write, Lead; Literacy Essentials, and Reading Essentials "Reciprocal teaching works to push students into deeper learning. There are decades of research on the impact of this instructional approach, and this book shows you how to implement and refine the practice such that all students succeed." —Doug Fisher, author of Checking for Understanding and Visible Learning for Literacy "One of the great instructional research discoveries of the past three decades has been the efficacy of reciprocal teaching for improving student learning and reading comprehension. More than anyone, Lori Oczkus has explored practical ways for making reciprocal teaching an integral part of nearly any classroom setting. This current work by Lori represents the epitome of her work in translating reciprocal teaching research into practice. Readers will find this immensely readable book filled with strategies that can be easily implemented and that will improve student learning. If you are interested in improving your students' reading achievement, you need to read this book!" —Timothy Rasinski, author of The Fluent Reader and Close Reading with Paired Texts "In this new edition of Reciprocal Teaching at Work, Lori Oczkus offers new thinking while reinforcing the best practices that make her ideas timeless. Through these engaging lessons and smart instructional moves, you will empower your students to build the confidence and competence they need to become strong, independent readers." —Donalyn Miller, author of The Book Whisperer "On every page of this book, in every activity and plan, the voice of a gifted and empowering teacher inspires the reader. In a major revision of her classic work, Lori Oczkus engages the immediacy and demands of today's classrooms with the most robust constellation of strategies for teaching comprehension. She compellingly demonstrates how the "Fab Four" are engaged across the grades, and she powerfully scaffolds, supports, and reassures teachers in their efforts to incorporate reciprocal teaching across a broad communication, textual, and digital terrain." —Shane Templeton, Foundation Professor Emeritus of Literacy Studies University of Nevada, Reno, NV
Publisher: ASCD
ISBN: 1416625992
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 386
Book Description
In this fully revised and expanded third edition of the bestselling Reciprocal Teaching at Work, Lori D. Oczkus provides both tried-and-true and fresh solutions for teaching reading comprehension. Reciprocal teaching is a scaffolded discussion technique that builds on the Fab Four strategies that good readers use to understand text: predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing. With a focus on these four evidence-based and classroom-tested strategies, Oczkus presents new ways to use reciprocal teaching to improve students' comprehension while actively engaging them in learning and encouraging independence. Appealing to students and teachers alike, reciprocal teaching encompasses social aspects of teaching and learning with modeling, think-alouds, and discussion. This helpful guide is packed with fresh material, including * More than 40 new and updated step-by-step lessons and minilessons that reflect current thinking and best practice. * Dozens of rich suggestions for diving into informational texts. * Updated research and relevant results that show the effectiveness of reciprocal teaching. * Creative and targeted tips that capitalize on the specific benefits of whole-class settings, guided reading groups, and literature circles. * Ideas for differentiating instruction for struggling readers and English language learners. * New and newly designed support materials, including reproducibles, posters, bookmarks, and a lesson planning menu. With a wealth of ideas to get you started—and keep you going—this is the all-inclusive resource you need to help students become active, engaged, and independent readers who truly comprehend what they read. Reviews and Testimonials "Literacy coach and author Lori Oczkus knows how to take the best of what works from long-established research and showcase it to make teaching and learning more effective, engaging, and enjoyable. In her latest edition of Reciprocal Teaching at Work, she demonstrates how to scaffold instruction so that all K–12 students can benefit from reciprocal teaching techniques, what she calls the "Fab Four"—predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing—in whole-group, guided reading, and book club settings, for both fiction and informational texts. In clearly delineated lessons and minilessons, Lori deftly shares how to support students' learning, including English language learners and students who struggle, so they can successfully apply and monitor those four discussion strategies—as well as troubleshoot problems—to yield significant progress in their reading comprehension. Filled with great practical ideas, this gem of a book is a must-have for all literacy educators!" —Regie Routman, author of Read, Write, Lead; Literacy Essentials, and Reading Essentials "Reciprocal teaching works to push students into deeper learning. There are decades of research on the impact of this instructional approach, and this book shows you how to implement and refine the practice such that all students succeed." —Doug Fisher, author of Checking for Understanding and Visible Learning for Literacy "One of the great instructional research discoveries of the past three decades has been the efficacy of reciprocal teaching for improving student learning and reading comprehension. More than anyone, Lori Oczkus has explored practical ways for making reciprocal teaching an integral part of nearly any classroom setting. This current work by Lori represents the epitome of her work in translating reciprocal teaching research into practice. Readers will find this immensely readable book filled with strategies that can be easily implemented and that will improve student learning. If you are interested in improving your students' reading achievement, you need to read this book!" —Timothy Rasinski, author of The Fluent Reader and Close Reading with Paired Texts "In this new edition of Reciprocal Teaching at Work, Lori Oczkus offers new thinking while reinforcing the best practices that make her ideas timeless. Through these engaging lessons and smart instructional moves, you will empower your students to build the confidence and competence they need to become strong, independent readers." —Donalyn Miller, author of The Book Whisperer "On every page of this book, in every activity and plan, the voice of a gifted and empowering teacher inspires the reader. In a major revision of her classic work, Lori Oczkus engages the immediacy and demands of today's classrooms with the most robust constellation of strategies for teaching comprehension. She compellingly demonstrates how the "Fab Four" are engaged across the grades, and she powerfully scaffolds, supports, and reassures teachers in their efforts to incorporate reciprocal teaching across a broad communication, textual, and digital terrain." —Shane Templeton, Foundation Professor Emeritus of Literacy Studies University of Nevada, Reno, NV
The Educator's Handbook for Teaching With Primary Sources
Author: Scott M. Waring
Publisher: Teachers College Press
ISBN: 0807782084
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 257
Book Description
Educators across subject areas are striving to integrate primary sources into their pedagogy and teaching. Yet, despite their importance to authentic disciplined inquiry, the implementation of primary source activities in the pre-K–12 classroom has been limited. This lack of utilization can largely be attributed to the perception that these activities are too complex to design, implement, and grade. Many teachers also feel that primary source analysis and the construction of evidence-based narratives is too difficult for students to complete in the traditional classroom. Waring argues that this is not the case and, with this handbook, provides teacher candidates and inservice teachers with detailed and specific perspectives, activities, approaches, and resources to help them effectively and authentically use primary sources in their classrooms. Book Features: Introduces teaching with primary sources, including detailed examples of authentic and tested instructional ideas and approaches.Designed to meet the needs of classroom teachers and teacher candidates in social studies, English and language arts, mathematics, science, and other fields.Offers dozens of primary sources and links to resources throughout the book.Aligns to national standards, frameworks, and the C3 framework for social studies.Can be used to meet the needs of emerging English learners and students with special needs.Focuses on ways in which educators are utilizing a variety of emerging technologies to engage students in deeper and more authentic ways of learning. Contributors include Peter DeCraene, Lisa Fink, Eric J. Pyle, Stefanie R. Wager, Sarah Westbrook, and Trena L. Wilkerson.
Publisher: Teachers College Press
ISBN: 0807782084
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 257
Book Description
Educators across subject areas are striving to integrate primary sources into their pedagogy and teaching. Yet, despite their importance to authentic disciplined inquiry, the implementation of primary source activities in the pre-K–12 classroom has been limited. This lack of utilization can largely be attributed to the perception that these activities are too complex to design, implement, and grade. Many teachers also feel that primary source analysis and the construction of evidence-based narratives is too difficult for students to complete in the traditional classroom. Waring argues that this is not the case and, with this handbook, provides teacher candidates and inservice teachers with detailed and specific perspectives, activities, approaches, and resources to help them effectively and authentically use primary sources in their classrooms. Book Features: Introduces teaching with primary sources, including detailed examples of authentic and tested instructional ideas and approaches.Designed to meet the needs of classroom teachers and teacher candidates in social studies, English and language arts, mathematics, science, and other fields.Offers dozens of primary sources and links to resources throughout the book.Aligns to national standards, frameworks, and the C3 framework for social studies.Can be used to meet the needs of emerging English learners and students with special needs.Focuses on ways in which educators are utilizing a variety of emerging technologies to engage students in deeper and more authentic ways of learning. Contributors include Peter DeCraene, Lisa Fink, Eric J. Pyle, Stefanie R. Wager, Sarah Westbrook, and Trena L. Wilkerson.