Author: Rong Wang
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3662464799
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 160
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Book Description
This thesis presents research focusing on the improvement of high-resolution global black carbon (BC) emission inventory and application in assessing the population exposure to ambient BC. A particular focus of the thesis is on the construction of a high-resolution (both spatial and sectorial) fuel consumption database, which is used to develop the emission inventory of black carbon. Above all, the author updates the global emission inventory of black carbon, a resource subsequently used to study the atmospheric transport of black carbon over Asia with the help of a high-resolution nested model. The thesis demonstrates that spatial bias in fuel consumption and BC emissions can be reduced by means of the sub-national disaggregation approach. Using the inventory and nested model, ambient BC concentrations can be better validated against observations. Lastly, it provides a complete uncertainty analysis of global black carbon emissions, and this uncertainty is taken into account in the atmospheric modeling, helping to better understand the role of black carbon in regional and global air pollution.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
Development of reliable source emission inventories is needed to advance the understanding of the origin of Arctic haze using chemical transport modeling. This paper develops a regional anthropogenic black carbon (BC) emission inventory for the Russian Federation, the largest country by land area in the Arctic Council. Activity data from combination of local Russia information and international resources, emission factors based on either Russian documents or adjusted values for local conditions, and other emission source data are used to approximate the BC emissions. Emissions are gridded at a resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° and developed into a monthly temporal profile. Total anthropogenic BC emission of Russia in 2010 is estimated to be around 224 Gg. Gas flaring, a commonly ignored black carbon source, contributes a significant fraction of 36.2% to Russia's total anthropogenic BC emissions. Other sectors, i.e., residential, transportation, industry, and power plants, contribute 25.0%, 20.3%, 13.1%, and 5.4%, respectively. Three major BC hot spot regions are identified: the European part of Russia, the southern central part of Russia where human population densities are relatively high, and the Urals Federal District where Russia's major oil and gas fields are located but with sparse human population. BC simulations are conducted using the hemispheric version of Community Multi-scale Air Quality Model with emission inputs from a global emission database EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research)-HTAPv2 (Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution) and EDGAR-HTAPv2 with its Russian part replaced by the newly developed Russian BC emissions, respectively. The simulation using the new Russian BC emission inventory could improve 30-65% of absorption aerosol optical depth measured at the AERONET sites in Russia throughout the whole year as compared to that using the default HTAPv2 emissions. At the four ground monitoring sites (Zeppelin, Barrow, Alert, and Tiksi) in the Arctic Circle, surface BC simulations are improved the most during the Arctic haze periods (October-March). The poor performance of Arctic BC simulations in previous studies may be partly ascribed to the Russian BC emissions built on out-of-date and/or missing information, which could result in biases to both emission rates and the spatial distribution of emissions. Finally, this study highlights that the impact of Russian emissions on the Arctic haze has likely been underestimated, and its role in the Arctic climate system needs to be reassessed. The Russian black carbon emission source data generated in this study can be obtained via http://abci.ornl.gov/download.shtml or http://acs.engr.utk.edu/Data.php.
Author: Huizhong Shen
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3662496801
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 187
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Book Description
This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of the global health impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air, conducted on the basis of a high-resolution emission inventory, global chemical transport modeling, and probabilistic risk assessment. One of the main strengths of the thesis is the concentration downscaling process, which provides a linkage between emissions and exposure concentrations at a comparatively high resolution. Moreover, by focusing on individual susceptibility, the thesis proposes an instrumental revision of current risk assessment methodology and argues that, if individual susceptibility were not taken into consideration, the overall risk would be underestimated by 55% and the proportion of highly vulnerable populations would be underestimated by more than 90%.
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 3
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Book Description
A global data base of black carbon emissions to the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion has been compiled for the use in atmospheric chemistry and climate studies. The resolution provided is at 1° latitude by 1° longitude based on previous work by Matthews, Lemer et al., and Dignon. A more extensive description of the assumptions made and emission factors used in this data base can be found in Penner et al. The original work of Penner et al. provides the emissions inventory data on a 5° by 5° resolution. The units of emission for this updated version of the inventory yield a global total of 12.6 TgC/y and are given as the mass in metric tons of carbon for each 1° x 1° grid. It is important to note that this is not equivalent to a flux, in that the area of the grid boxes vary latitudinally. The emissions are expected to represent the emissions for a typical mid-1980s year. The distribution of emission is based on national totals and then mapped on to the 1° x 1° grid according to the updated population mapping of Logan. A description of this mapping procedure can be found in Dignon.
Author: Halima Salah
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air quality
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Air pollution from human activities plays an important role in affecting ambient air quality, climate change and human health. To provide changes in global environmental policies to reduce air pollution, emission inventories are critical as they aide in the understanding of air quality impacts across multiple scales. The state-of-the-science global bottom-up anthropogenic emission inventories are the Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants version 6b (ECLIPSEv6b) for emissions from 1990-2050, Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research version 5.0 (EDGARv5) for emissions from 1970-2015, and the Community Emissions Data System that was released in April 2021 (CEDS) for emissions from 1750-2019. In this study, we inter-compared the global annual total and spatial variability of air pollutants among these three emission inventories (ECLIPSEv6b, CEDS, and EDGARv5) for the year 2015 for trace gases and aerosols, including black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). We also employed the Community Atmosphere Model with chemistry version 6.0 (CAM6-Chem) within the NCAR Community Earth System Model version 2.1.3 (CESM2) to quantify the atmospheric chemistry and air quality impacts using the ECLIPSEv6b. Global annual total emissions of BC, OC, NOx, NH3, SO2, CO and NMVOCs from CEDS for the year 2015 are 6045, 13869, 122022, 59502, 92148, 566620, 149680 kilo tons/year, respectively. Compared with the emissions from EDGARv5, global annual total BC, OC and NH3 emissions in CEDS for the year 2015 are 18.43%, 18.18%, and 21.13% higher. However, global annual total CO emissions from EDGARv5 are 12.46% higher than that from CEDS. For NOx, SO2, and NMVOCs, values from CEDS and EDGARv5 are quite close, with 3.72%, 5.21%, and 0.56% differences between CEDS and EDGARv5. For ECLIPSEv6b, global annual total emissions of BC, OC, NOx, NH3, SO2, CO and NMVOCs in 2015 are 6352, 13763, 124895, 60986, 73335, 548381, 112031 kt/year, respectively. Global annual total of BC, NOx, and NH3 from ECLIPSEv6b are 5.07%, 2.30% and 2.49% higher than the values from CEDS, whereas global annual total of OC, SO2, CO and NMVOCs are 0.77%, 20.42%, 3.22% and 25.15% smaller than that from CEDS. Major sources of CEDS emissions come from eastern Asia and parts of India. A majority of NOx emissions for ECLIPSEv6b is concentrated in Asia, North America (East Coast US, Midwest US, and Mexico), South America (Brazil), and western Europe. We find that global mean summertime model simulated surface BC, primary organic matter (POM) and ozone concentrations in response to ECLIPSEv6b are 0.05 1̐Ưg/m3, 0.52 1̐Ưg/m3 and 21.3 ppb, respectively. For summertime surface BC, large impacts are found in Asia, North America, eastern Europe and southern Africa, whereas important impacts for POM are located over Asia, southern Africa, and western coast of North America. Future studies will thoroughly compare the model simulated PM2.5 and ozone impacts from ECLIPSEv6b, CEDS and EDGARv5 in CESM2 CAM6-Chem.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309144019
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 248
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Book Description
Recent advances in air pollution monitoring and modeling capabilities have made it possible to show that air pollution can be transported long distances and that adverse impacts of emitted pollutants cannot be confined to one country or even one continent. Pollutants from traffic, cooking stoves, and factories emitted half a world away can make the air we inhale today more hazardous for our health. The relative importance of this "imported" pollution is likely to increase, as emissions in developing countries grow, and air quality standards in industrial countries are tightened. Global Sources of Local Pollution examines the impact of the long-range transport of four key air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, mercury, and persistent organic pollutants) on air quality and pollutant deposition in the United States. It also explores the environmental impacts of U.S. emissions on other parts of the world. The book recommends that the United States work with the international community to develop an integrated system for determining pollution sources and impacts and to design effective response strategies. This book will be useful to international, federal, state, and local policy makers responsible for understanding and managing air pollution and its impacts on human health and well-being.
Author: András Gelencsér
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402028873
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 357
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Book Description
The concept of carbonaceous aerosol has only recently emerged from atmospheric pollution studies; even standard nomenclature and terminology are still unsettled. This monograph is the first to offer comprehensive coverage of the nature and atmospheric role of carbonaceous aerosol particles. Atmospheric chemists, physicists, meteorologists, and modellers will find this a thought-inspiring and sometimes provocative overview of all global phenomena affected by or related to carbonaceous aerosol.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309470501
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 251
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Book Description
Understanding, quantifying, and tracking atmospheric methane and emissions is essential for addressing concerns and informing decisions that affect the climate, economy, and human health and safety. Atmospheric methane is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that contributes to global warming. While carbon dioxide is by far the dominant cause of the rise in global average temperatures, methane also plays a significant role because it absorbs more energy per unit mass than carbon dioxide does, giving it a disproportionately large effect on global radiative forcing. In addition to contributing to climate change, methane also affects human health as a precursor to ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere. Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States summarizes the current state of understanding of methane emissions sources and the measurement approaches and evaluates opportunities for methodological and inventory development improvements. This report will inform future research agendas of various U.S. agencies, including NOAA, the EPA, the DOE, NASA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Author: Philippus Wester
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319922882
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 627
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Book Description
This open access volume is the first comprehensive assessment of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region. It comprises important scientific research on the social, economic, and environmental pillars of sustainable mountain development and will serve as a basis for evidence-based decision-making to safeguard the environment and advance people’s well-being. The compiled content is based on the collective knowledge of over 300 leading researchers, experts and policymakers, brought together by the Hindu Kush Himalayan Monitoring and Assessment Programme (HIMAP) under the coordination of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). This assessment was conducted between 2013 and 2017 as the first of a series of monitoring and assessment reports, under the guidance of the HIMAP Steering Committee: Eklabya Sharma (ICIMOD), Atiq Raman (Bangladesh), Yuba Raj Khatiwada (Nepal), Linxiu Zhang (China), Surendra Pratap Singh (India), Tandong Yao (China) and David Molden (ICIMOD and Chair of the HIMAP SC). This First HKH Assessment Report consists of 16 chapters, which comprehensively assess the current state of knowledge of the HKH region, increase the understanding of various drivers of change and their impacts, address critical data gaps and develop a set of evidence-based and actionable policy solutions and recommendations. These are linked to nine mountain priorities for the mountains and people of the HKH consistent with the Sustainable Development Goals. This book is a must-read for policy makers, academics and students interested in this important region and an essentially important resource for contributors to global assessments such as the IPCC reports.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309152119
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
The world's nations are moving toward agreements that will bind us together in an effort to limit future greenhouse gas emissions. With such agreements will come the need for all nations to make accurate estimates of greenhouse gas emissions and to monitor changes over time. In this context, the present book focuses on the greenhouse gases that result from human activities, have long lifetimes in the atmosphere and thus will change global climate for decades to millennia or more, and are currently included in international agreements. The book devotes considerably more space to CO2 than to the other gases because CO2 is the largest single contributor to global climate change and is thus the focus of many mitigation efforts. Only data in the public domain were considered because public access and transparency are necessary to build trust in a climate treaty. The book concludes that each country could estimate fossil-fuel CO2 emissions accurately enough to support monitoring of a climate treaty. However, current methods are not sufficiently accurate to check these self-reported estimates against independent data or to estimate other greenhouse gas emissions. Strategic investments would, within 5 years, improve reporting of emissions by countries and yield a useful capability for independent verification of greenhouse gas emissions reported by countries.
