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Languages : en
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Author: Peter Mueller
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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Over fifty years ago, Carl Eckart described the sequence of processes as a passive scalar is stirred and mixed in a turbulent flow (Eckart, 1948). At first, during the stirring phase, the variance of the scalar gradient is greatly increased, but later, during the mixing phase, the gradients become sufficiently sharp that molecular diffusion becomes important and the gradient variance rapidly decreases. The process is of great practical importance in many engineering situations as well as being familiar from adding cream to coffee. The interplay of stirring and mixing is also important in the ocean for temperature, salinity, chlorophyll and other naturally occurring tracers as well as for introduced material. The situation is complicated by the numerous physical processes that can cause stirring and by the interplay of processes that act along isopycnals (surfaces of constant mean density, where mean requires careful definition) with "diapycnal" processes acting across the density surfaces.
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Category : Eddies
Languages : en
Pages : 206
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Author: Diane Henderson
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 206
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Author: Michael Meredith
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128215135
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 386
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Ocean Mixing: Drivers, Mechanisms and Impacts presents a broad panorama of one of the most rapidly-developing areas of marine science. It highlights the state-of-the-art concerning knowledge of the causes of ocean mixing, and a perspective on the implications for ocean circulation, climate, biogeochemistry and the marine ecosystem. This edited volume places a particular emphasis on elucidating the key future questions relating to ocean mixing, and emerging ideas and activities to address them, including innovative technology developments and advances in methodology. Ocean Mixing is a key reference for those entering the field, and for those seeking a comprehensive overview of how the key current issues are being addressed and what the priorities for future research are. Each chapter is written by established leaders in ocean mixing research; the volume is thus suitable for those seeking specific detailed information on sub-topics, as well as those seeking a broad synopsis of current understanding. It provides useful ammunition for those pursuing funding for specific future research campaigns, by being an authoritative source concerning key scientific goals in the short, medium and long term. Additionally, the chapters contain bespoke and informative graphics that can be used in teaching and science communication to convey the complex concepts and phenomena in easily accessible ways. Presents a coherent overview of the state-of-the-art research concerning ocean mixing Provides an in-depth discussion of how ocean mixing impacts all scales of the planetary system Includes elucidation of the grand challenges in ocean mixing, and how they might be addressed
Author: Peter Müller
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Oceanic mixing
Languages : en
Pages : 206
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Author: Michael C. Gregg
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107173809
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 385
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This book examines how large-scale processes drive centimetre-scale mixing throughout the stratified ocean. It explores the primary factors affecting mixing and turbulence, and reviews insights from laboratory studies and numerical modelling. It is an excellent reference for researchers and graduate students in oceanography and related fields.
Author: David George Bowers
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 019882663X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 169
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The tide is the greatest synchronised movement of matter on our planet. Every drop of seawater takes part in tidal motion, driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. At the coast, we see the tide as a twice-daily rise and fall of sea level that moves the edge of the sea up and down a beach or cliff-face. In some places, the tide is small but at others it can rise in a few hours by the height of a three storey building; it then has to be treated with great respect by those who live and work by the sea. In this Very Short Introduction David George Bowers and Emyr Martyn Roberts explore what we know about the tides. Blending clear explanations of well known tidal phenomena with recent insights in the deep ocean and coastal seas, Bowers and Roberts use examples from around the world, to tell the story of the tide, considering its nature and causes, its observation and prediction, and unusual tides and their relevance. They explore why tides have attracted the attention of some of the world's greatest scientists, from the initial challenge of explaining why there are two tides a day when the moon and sun pass overhead just once; a problem that was solved by Isaac Newton. In the 19th century, scientists unravelled the rhythms of the tide; good tidal predictions in the form of tide tables were then possible. The predictions were made on beautiful tide predicting machines constructed of brass and mahogany, some of which can still be seen in maritime museums. In the 20th century, the importance of tides as mixers of sea water became evident. As Bowers and Roberts explore, tidal mixing of the ocean is essential for maintaining its deep circulation, a key part of the climate-control system of our planet. In inshore waters, tidal mixing enhances biological productivity, influences sea temperature and turbidity and creates dramatic features such as maelstroms and tidal bores. In the 21st century, space probes are examining the effects of tidal processes on the moons of Jupiter and Saturn and the possibility of tidally-heated liquid oceans with their own ecosystems. Looking to the cutting edge of tidal research, Bowers and Roberts also consider how we can study the role of the tide in the geological and biological evolution of our own planet with innovative computer models. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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The long term goal of the "Scalable Lateral Mixing and Coherent Turbulence" DRI, under which the PIs are funded, is to understand the processes that stir and mix tracers in the ocean on lateral scales of 100 kilometers to 10 meters, the so-called submesoscales. The specific long term goals of the PIs are to understand the influence of mesoscale strain in driving stirring and mixing at the submesoscale, and to develop a robust theoretical framework through which to interpret the observations. The objective of the DRI group is to devise and execute field experiments, supported by numerical simulations, that will distinguish between potential mechanisms of submesoscale stirring and mixing. The many interacting processes occurring at the submesoscales present a serious challenge to this effort. In order to focus the team work, potential mechanisms were distilled into three core hypotheses: (H1) Isopycnal mixing at scales of 10 m -10 km in the stratified ocean is the result of stirring by coherent vortices generated by mixing events associated with gravity wave breaking (the so-called vortical modes); (H2) Isopycnal mixing at the submesoscale is effected by motions resulting from a cascade of tracer and potential vorticity (PV) variance from the deformation scale (where baroclinic instability generates mesoscale eddies) to smaller scales; (H3) Both diapycnal and isopycnal mixing in the upper ocean are enhanced by ageostrophic instabilities along lateral density fronts generated at the submesoscale.
Author: J.C.J. Nihoul
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080870848
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 557
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This volume contains the proceedings of the 19th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics, the programme of which focused on the relationships between small-scale mixing and large-scale features, transports and processes. The presentation of papers on various methods of parameterization of small-scale turbulent mixing for numerical ocean models was particularly encouraged and this resulted in more than a third of the papers presented at the Colloquium dealing in one way or another with the parameterization problems; many of these papers demonstrate the direct results of modelling. These proportions are well reflected in this volume of proceedings and thus emphasize once more the importance of small-scale turbulence research for such vital practical applications as ocean modelling and forecasting.
