FREZCHEM: A Chemical-Thermodynamic Model for Aqueous Solutions at Subzero Temperatures PDF Download
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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This report documents a FORTRAN version of the Spencer-Moller-Weare chemical thermodynamic model for aqueous electrolyte solutions at sub-zero temperatures (FREZCHEM). FREZCHEM is structured to predict the chemical composition and unfrozen water of aqueous solutions between -60 deg and +25 deg C at atmospheric pressure (0.101325 MPa). FREZCHEM includes two reaction pathways: freezing at variable temperature and fixed total water and evaporation at variable water and fixed temperature. Activity coefficients and the activity of water are calculated using the Pitzer equations, which are valid to high solution ionic strengths (approx. 20 mol k-1). Fifteen chloride and sulfate salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are included in the model. Predicted and experimental measurements of solute molalities and the unfrozen water fraction during sea water freezing are in good agreement. At -50 deg C, 0.3 % of sea water remains unfrozen with 99.7% of Na and 95.5% of Cl having precipitated into one of four salts. FREZCHEM should find many applications in physicochemical studies of aqueous solutions and freezing.
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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This report documents a FORTRAN version of the Spencer-Moller-Weare chemical thermodynamic model for aqueous electrolyte solutions at sub-zero temperatures (FREZCHEM). FREZCHEM is structured to predict the chemical composition and unfrozen water of aqueous solutions between -60 deg and +25 deg C at atmospheric pressure (0.101325 MPa). FREZCHEM includes two reaction pathways: freezing at variable temperature and fixed total water and evaporation at variable water and fixed temperature. Activity coefficients and the activity of water are calculated using the Pitzer equations, which are valid to high solution ionic strengths (approx. 20 mol k-1). Fifteen chloride and sulfate salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are included in the model. Predicted and experimental measurements of solute molalities and the unfrozen water fraction during sea water freezing are in good agreement. At -50 deg C, 0.3 % of sea water remains unfrozen with 99.7% of Na and 95.5% of Cl having precipitated into one of four salts. FREZCHEM should find many applications in physicochemical studies of aqueous solutions and freezing.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
This report documents a FORTRAN version of the Spencer-Moller-Weare chemical thermodynamic model for aqueous electrolyte solutions at sub-zero temperatures (FREZCHEM). FREZCHEM is structured to predict the chemical composition and unfrozen water of aqueous solutions between -60 deg and +25 deg C at atmospheric pressure (0.101325 MPa). FREZCHEM includes two reaction pathways: freezing at variable temperature and fixed total water and evaporation at variable water and fixed temperature. Activity coefficients and the activity of water are calculated using the Pitzer equations, which are valid to high solution ionic strengths (approx. 20 mol k-1). Fifteen chloride and sulfate salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are included in the model. Predicted and experimental measurements of solute molalities and the unfrozen water fraction during sea water freezing are in good agreement. At -50 deg C, 0.3 % of sea water remains unfrozen with 99.7% of Na and 95.5% of Cl having precipitated into one of four salts. FREZCHEM should find many applications in physicochemical studies of aqueous solutions and freezing.
Author: Giles M. Marion
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Computer simulation
Languages : en
Pages : 35
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Author: Giles M. Marion
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1428913327
Category : Electrolyte solutions
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Author: Mikhail V. Mironenko
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electrolyte solutions
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This report documents a Fortran version of a chemical thermodynamic model for aqueous electrolyte solutions at subzero temperatures, FREZCHEM2, which is a further development of the FREZCHEM model. The model uses thermodynamic data of Spencer-Moller- Weare that permit the calculation of chemical equilibria in the Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl-S04-H2O system between -60 and 25 deg. C at atmospheric pressure. It applies the Gibbs energy minimization method for chemical equilibrium computation combined with Pitzer equations for activity coefficients and water activity calculation. phases.
Author: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electrolyte solutions
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Book Description
This report documents a Fortran version of a chemical thermodynamic model for aqueous electrolyte solutions at subzero temperatures, FREZCHEM2, which is a further development of the FREZCHEM model. The model uses thermodynamic data of Spencer-Moller- Weare that permit the calculation of chemical equilibria in the Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl-S04-H2O system between -60 and 25 deg. C at atmospheric pressure. It applies the Gibbs energy minimization method for chemical equilibrium computation combined with Pitzer equations for activity coefficients and water activity calculation. phases.
Author: Giles M. Marion
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540756795
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 254
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Book Description
Written by two of the best US researchers in the field, this text investigates issues of astrobiological relevance in the context of cold aqueous planetary geochemistry. At the core of the technical chapters is the FREZCHEM model, initially developed over many years by one of the authors to quantify aqueous electrolyte properties and chemical thermodynamics at subzero temperatures. FREZCHEM is of huge relevance to scientists in a number of fields, including biogeochemists.
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Category : Arctic regions
Languages : en
Pages : 42
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Author: Felix Franks
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1475769520
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 495
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Book Description
This Volume, the last of the series, is devoted to water in its metastable forms, especially at sub-zero temperatures. The past few years have wit nessed an increasing interest in supercooled water and amorphous ice. If the properties of liquid water in the normal temperature range are already eccentric, then they become exceedingly so below the normal freezing point, in the metastable temperature range. Water can be supercooled to -39°C without too much effort, and most of its physical properties show a re markable temperature dependence under these conditions. Although ade quate explanations are still lacking, the time has come to review available knowledge. The study of amorphous ice, that is, the solid formed when water vapor is condensed on a very cold surface, is of longer standing. It has achieved renewed interest because it may serve as a model for the liquid state. There is currently a debate whether or not a close structural relation ship exists between amorphous ice and supercooled water. The nucleation and growth of ice in supercooled water and aqueous solutions is also still one of those grey areas of research, although these topics have received considerable attention from chemists and physicists over the past two decades. Even now, the relationships between degree of supercooling, nucleation kinetics, crystal growth kinetics, cooling rate and solute concentration are somewhat obscure. Nevertheless, at the empirical level much progress has been made, because these topics are of considerable importance to biologists, technologists, atmospheric physicists and gla ciologists.
Author:
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0080983006
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 14787
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Book Description
This extensively updated new edition of the widely acclaimed Treatise on Geochemistry has increased its coverage beyond the wide range of geochemical subject areas in the first edition, with five new volumes which include: the history of the atmosphere, geochemistry of mineral deposits, archaeology and anthropology, organic geochemistry and analytical geochemistry. In addition, the original Volume 1 on "Meteorites, Comets, and Planets" was expanded into two separate volumes dealing with meteorites and planets, respectively. These additions increased the number of volumes in the Treatise from 9 to 15 with the index/appendices volume remaining as the last volume (Volume 16). Each of the original volumes was scrutinized by the appropriate volume editors, with respect to necessary revisions as well as additions and deletions. As a result, 27% were republished without major changes, 66% were revised and 126 new chapters were added. In a many-faceted field such as Geochemistry, explaining and understanding how one sub-field relates to another is key. Instructors will find the complete overviews with extensive cross-referencing useful additions to their course packs and students will benefit from the contextual organization of the subject matter Six new volumes added and 66% updated from 1st edition. The Editors of this work have taken every measure to include the many suggestions received from readers and ensure comprehensiveness of coverage and added value in this 2nd edition The esteemed Board of Volume Editors and Editors-in-Chief worked cohesively to ensure a uniform and consistent approach to the content, which is an amazing accomplishment for a 15-volume work (16 volumes including index volume)!
