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Author: Dr. Wafa Ali Saleh Suwaileh
Publisher: Ashok Yakkaldevi
ISBN: 1716374774
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 202
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Book Description
1.1 Background Water–stress is becoming one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. The fast growth of population, tourism, and agriculture development in the world has resulted in a great demand for access to clean water [3]. Most of the developing regions of the world are still suffering from water scarcity. The problem of water shortage is being extended to other nations of the world. The lack of access to safe drinking water poses significant problems globally. Fresh water is not available for around 1.2 billion people worldwide while around 2.6 billion may obtain limited or unsafe water. This may be the result of climate change with extreme industrial and agriculture activities. It was assumed that by 2025, two thirds of people around the world will be living in water-stressed countries [4]. Thus, the requirement of potable water to sustain human life in the world will rise from 4500 billion m3 to 6900 billion m3 by 2030 which goes beyond the accessible water resources [5]. Therefore, we need to meet and sustain these growing demands as soon as possible. A promising technology to meet the demand of fresh water is water desalination using membrane technology. A recent study reported that the daily production of desalinated water was up to 25 million m3 globally [6, 7]. Water desalination was developed to remove salts and other contaminants from seawater, brackish water and produced water to acquire drinking water [8]. Singh et al. [9] stated that since 1995 membrane filtration has been effective in removing microbiological species such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium. It has also been reported that membrane-based desalination provides 63.7% drinking water while thermal desalination method provides almost half of it, about 34.2% globally [10]. For instance, micro-filtration and ultrafiltration membranes can reject particles much smaller than 1 micron such as proteins, oil droplets, bacteria, etc. In contrast, Nano filtration and reverse osmosis can separate particles in the range of 1/100th to 1/1000th of a micrometre, such as aqueous salts, sugars, and amino acids [11]. Among the membrane desalination technologies, reverse osmosis (RO) is being actively used in most countries due to their significant properties and ease of obtaining drinking water.
Author: Dr. Wafa Ali Saleh Suwaileh
Publisher: Ashok Yakkaldevi
ISBN: 1716374774
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 202
Get Book Here
Book Description
1.1 Background Water–stress is becoming one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. The fast growth of population, tourism, and agriculture development in the world has resulted in a great demand for access to clean water [3]. Most of the developing regions of the world are still suffering from water scarcity. The problem of water shortage is being extended to other nations of the world. The lack of access to safe drinking water poses significant problems globally. Fresh water is not available for around 1.2 billion people worldwide while around 2.6 billion may obtain limited or unsafe water. This may be the result of climate change with extreme industrial and agriculture activities. It was assumed that by 2025, two thirds of people around the world will be living in water-stressed countries [4]. Thus, the requirement of potable water to sustain human life in the world will rise from 4500 billion m3 to 6900 billion m3 by 2030 which goes beyond the accessible water resources [5]. Therefore, we need to meet and sustain these growing demands as soon as possible. A promising technology to meet the demand of fresh water is water desalination using membrane technology. A recent study reported that the daily production of desalinated water was up to 25 million m3 globally [6, 7]. Water desalination was developed to remove salts and other contaminants from seawater, brackish water and produced water to acquire drinking water [8]. Singh et al. [9] stated that since 1995 membrane filtration has been effective in removing microbiological species such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium. It has also been reported that membrane-based desalination provides 63.7% drinking water while thermal desalination method provides almost half of it, about 34.2% globally [10]. For instance, micro-filtration and ultrafiltration membranes can reject particles much smaller than 1 micron such as proteins, oil droplets, bacteria, etc. In contrast, Nano filtration and reverse osmosis can separate particles in the range of 1/100th to 1/1000th of a micrometre, such as aqueous salts, sugars, and amino acids [11]. Among the membrane desalination technologies, reverse osmosis (RO) is being actively used in most countries due to their significant properties and ease of obtaining drinking water.
Author: Peter Fayez Nasr
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Groundwater
Languages : en
Pages : 336
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Book Description
Abstract: Rapid population growth is putting huge stress on limited fresh water sources in Egypt. Agriculture is considered the major consumer of fresh water in Egypt, consuming more than 80% of fresh water available. Creating new freshwater sources for irrigation purposes becomes inevitable to meet the increasing demand. Groundwater desalination could be the solution to this problem. If a low-cost sustainable desalination technology is realized, impact on the agricultural sector would be remarkable for water stressed country like Egypt. Forward Osmosis (FO) is an innovative membrane separation technology that can be applied to efficiently desalinate groundwater. FO desalination relies on the theory of natural osmotic pressure driven by concentration difference instead of hydraulic pressure in RO (Reverse Osmosis). Thus, desalination can be achieved using significantly low energy. FO desalination process involves the use of a concentrated draw solution (DS), generating elevated osmotic pressure, flowing on one side of a semi-permeable FO membrane, and a feed solution (FS), with a lower osmotic pressure, flowing by the other side. Fresh water leaves the FS and enters the DS by natural diffusion. The diluted DS is then separated from the fresh water and draw solutes are recovered. One application of FO process is Fertilizer Drawn Forward Osmosis (FDFO). This application offers a unique advantage as separation and recovery of draw solute is not essential since the draw solution adds value to the end product. The convenience of FDFO desalination is that produced water can be directly utilized for fertigation because fertilizers are needed anyway for the plants avoiding the need for separation and recovery of draw solutes. However, FDFO desalination has some limitations that should be considered. Novel draw solutions and capable FO membranes are the main concern of most FO researchers as both greatly affect overall process efficiency. The high nutrient content in product water is another limitation making meeting irrigation water quality standards a challenge. Applying FDFO technology in Egypt for augmenting irrigation water by desalinating abundant brackish groundwater is investigated in this work. As Egypt is a groundwater-rich country, application of FDFO desalination technology would lead to a revolutionary platform where unutilized brackish groundwater can be efficiently made use of to generate valuable nutrient-rich irrigation water. Egyptian irrigation schemes and mapping of groundwater aquifers in Egypt have been carefully investigated. Based on a carefully studied selection criteria, two proposed locations are suggested for this application in Egypt: 1) Nile Valley and Delta region and 2) Red Sea coast in Eastern Desert and Sinai region. In Nile valley and Delta region, it is suggested to apply FDFO technology coupled with localized irrigation instead of flood irrigation. The suggested technique could possibly cultivate 1 million feddan using renewable groudnwater. Proposed scheme will lead to a healthier Nile River and is expected to eventually minimize further soil salinization being a reported problem in the area which negatively affects crop yield In Red Sea coast in Eastern Desert and Sinai region, FDFO desalination is a promising technology to help alleviate the severe water scarcity problem inhibiting the area’s development. Already existing RO facilities could be easily integrated to the suggested FDFO technology. In this study it is suggested to have decentralized small-scale farms, instead of hundreds of thousands of feddan as is common in Delta and Nile valley regions. This will minimize water losses and keep the desalinated water at a competitive price. FDFO desalination success is greatly affected by the choice of a suitable draw solution. This study focused only on nitrogenous-based fertilizers being by far the most dominant class of fertilizers used in Egypt. Four nitrogenous Egyptian fertilizers have been closely evaluated with respect to their availability, economics and performance. The three factors played a major role in the fertilizer selection. Ammonium Sulpahte was selected to be the most suitable fertilizer draw solution exhibiting high osmotic pressure, being non-expensive, non hygroscopic, resistant to valorization, highly soluble in water and containing sulphur which is needed by the plant. Performance of ammonium sulphate DS was then tested experimentally. The FO membrane used was thin film composite (TFC) membrane supplied by Woongjin, Korea and fhe FS was synthetic salty water prepared using different concentrations of NaCl. A bench-scale FO setup was used to run the experiments. The performance was assessed based on water flux, reverse permeation and feed ions rejection at different DS concentration. It is concluded that there is a logarithmic correlation between flux and ammonium sulphate concentration where any additional increase in ammonium sulphate concentration inhibits water flux due to dilutive internal concentration polarization (DICP) effects. Increasing FS concentration leads to flux decline due to the drop in the differential bulk osmotic pressures between DS and FS. Specific Reverse Solute Flux (SRSF) values at flux less than 10 Lm-2h-1 is significantly higher than that for flux more than 10 Lm-2h-1. As a result, it is recommended to operate the process at a flux exceeding 10 Lm-2h-1 to avoid undesired loss of draw solute by reverse permeation. SRSF is almost constant irrespective of ammonium sulphate DS concentration. For the same DS concentration, flux and SRSF are inversely proportional. Except when operated at low ammonium sulphate concentration and high FS concentration, the TFC membrane used in this study exhibited high rejection of FS ions for almost all DS concentrations (more than 90%). To sensibly test the efficiency of the ammonium sulphate draw solution, a real brackish Egyptian groundwater sample was collected, analyzed and used as FS. Being available, three FO membrane samples were assessed in this part of the study and the best membrane was selected for further investigations. In comparison to HTI’s Cellulose Triacetate (CTA) and Woongjin TFC membranes, Porifera’s commercial membrane proved to be best membrane with respect to baseline flux, where DS was NaCl and FS was DI water. Having the smallest structural parameter (S), internal concentration polarization (ICP) is minimized yielding highest flux. Different concentrations of ammonium sulphate were used as DS using the BGW sample. Like previously, the performance was assessed based on water flux, reverse permeation and feed ions rejection. A logarithmic relation was drawn between water flux and ammonium sulphate concentration. Same relation existed between ammonium sulphate concentration and water flux due to DICP effects. However, in this study, SRSF values did not exceed 0.18 g/l for both NH4+ and SO42- ions, indicating high membrane selectivity. At flux exceeding 20 Lm-2h-1, NH4+ ion reported higher SRSF values than that of SO42− ion.. Again, SRSF came out to be almost constant irrespective of ammonium sulphate concentration. While increasing draw solution concentration lead to increasing Na+ ion rejection, it caused a significant decline in Cl- ion rejection. This phenomenon could be probably associated to an ion exchange mechanism and reversal of membrane surface charge. In conclusion, FDFO is a promising technology that could possibly alleviate the water scarcity problem in Egypt. Not only is FDFO a sustainable desalination technology, but also it has numerous advantages over conventional desalination technologies. Abundant brackish groundwater could be efficiently exploited to produce valuable nutrient-rich irrigation water, being the major fresh water consumer in Egypt. The scheme studied demonstrated that ammonium sulphate is an efficient DS for FDFO process, especially using Porifera’s commercial FO membrane, exhibiting high osmotic pressure, low reverse solute permeation and remarkable rejection of feed solute. The proposed scheme could lead to a technology platform that would supply supplementary irrigation water, reduce soil salinity, manage fertilizer application and close the irrigation – brackish water – drainage vicious loop.
Author: Hongbo Du
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9535139215
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 283
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Book Description
Osmotically driven membrane processes (ODMPs) including forward osmosis (FO) and pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) have attracted increasing attention in fields such as water treatment, desalination, power generation, and life science. In contrast to pressure-driven membrane processes, e.g., reverse osmosis, which typically employs applied high pressure as driving force, ODMPs take advantages of naturally generated osmotic pressure as the sole source of driving force. In light of this, ODMPs possess many advantages over pressure-driven membrane processes. The advantages include low energy consumption, ease of equipment maintenance, low capital investment, high salt rejection, and high water flux. In the past decade, over 300 academic papers on ODMPs have been published in a variety of application fields. The number of such publications is still rapidly growing. The ODMPs' approach, fabrications, recent development and applications in wastewater treatment, power generation, seawater desalination, and gas absorption are presented in this book.
Author: Hossam AbdelFattah Hussein El Zayat
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Osmosis
Languages : en
Pages : 176
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Book Description
Abstract: Due to the growing pressure on the conventional water resources and the increasing population in Egypt, attention has been given to increase the share of seawater desalination in total water resources mix. The most common desalination technology in Egypt is the reverse osmosis (RO) desalination which, beside the production of fresh water, results in large amounts of high salinity brine that is normally being disposed of into the sea. Since the generated brine usually contains traces of chemicals, which have been used for the pretreatment of water, along with a wide range of heavy metals resulting from the corrosion of the pipes, the discharge of the brine into the sea represents a serious environmental challenge if not properly managed. In order to reach an improved overall brine management process, a multitude of research work focused on investigating different techniques in that regard so that the impact on the surrounding environment becomes minimal. A number of parameters have been identified as the key factors which should be considered to reduce the harmful impacts on the environment. This includes both the volume and the chemical composition of the brine, geographical location and available area of the disposal site as well as the capacity of the desalination plant. The volume reduction of the brine could be achieved using different techniques; one of which is the fertilizer drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) process. In that process, RO brine is introduced as the feed solution (FS) while a concentrated fertilizer is used as the draw solution (DS). The process results in further extraction of water from the FS which means a reduction in its volume. The final diluted DS can be used for fertilized irrigation or “Fertigation”; an application that can fill a gap in a country like Egypt with the majority of its water consumption is dedicated for agricultural use. In earlier studies, several fertilizer solutions have been tested as potential DS’s to identify the best performing fertilizers with the highest financial feasibility. In this research, an FDFO process was tested, in both bench-scale and pilot-scale investigations, for the volume reduction of a synthetic brine using a locally manufactured industrial-grade ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 fertilizer as DS and a commercial FO membrane. This work investigated the performance of the tested fertilizer in terms of the resulting water flux at the highest concentration possible of the DS with a fixed concentration of the FS which simulated the brine generated by the RO desalination plants. The aim of the investigation was to perform a techno-economic assessment of the feasibility of using the FDFO process with ammonium sulphate fertilizer as DS to reduce the volume of the brine by extracting water to dilute the DS for a less environmentally challenging management of the brine. In addition to the advantage of reducing the volume of the brine, the resulting diluted DS will be further mixed with the addition of fresh water from the RO plant permeate to reduce its concentration of nutrients to the acceptable levels and produce fertilized water that can be used for fertigation. The bench-scale investigation showed that the process derived an average water flux of 8.09 l/h/m2 which resulted in a volume reduction, and hence a further concentration, of the brine by around 12% using an industrial-grade ammonium sulphate fertilizer as DS which was also diluted by the extracted water by almost 24%. While the pilot-scale investigation showed lower flux, the volume reduction results were consistent with those obtained from the bench-scale investigation. It was concluded that the achieved volume reduction of 12.7% using the proposed process, which requires low energy levels and produces fertilized water for fertigation, was found comparable, in terms of the overall economics of the process, to the recovery rate from brine using an RO process reported in a recent study. Considering the potential applications of the produced fertilized water, these results can be translated into an economically viable solution for the volume reduction of the brine and the production of water for fertigation compared to other reviewed approaches.
Author: Enrico Drioli
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0444637966
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1709
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Book Description
Comprehensive Membrane Science and Engineering, Second Edition, Four Volume Set is an interdisciplinary and innovative reference work on membrane science and technology. Written by leading researchers and industry professionals from a range of backgrounds, chapters elaborate on recent and future developments in the field of membrane science and explore how the field has advanced since the previous edition published in 2010. Chapters are written by academics and practitioners across a variety of fields, including chemistry, chemical engineering, material science, physics, biology and food science. Each volume covers a wide spectrum of applications and advanced technologies, such as new membrane materials (e.g. thermally rearranged polymers, polymers of intrinsic microporosity and new hydrophobic fluoropolymer) and processes (e.g. reverse electrodialysis, membrane contractors, membrane crystallization, membrane condenser, membrane dryers and membrane emulsifiers) that have only recently proved their full potential for industrial application. This work covers the latest advances in membrane science, linking fundamental research with real-life practical applications using specially selected case studies of medium and large-scale membrane operations to demonstrate successes and failures with a look to future developments in the field. Contains comprehensive, cutting-edge coverage, helping readers understand the latest theory Offers readers a variety of perspectives on how membrane science and engineering research can be best applied in practice across a range of industries Provides the theory behind the limits, advantages, future developments and failure expectations of local membrane operations in emerging countries
Author: Tahir Majeed
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fertilizers
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Fezeh Lotfi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 368
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Author: Pei Li
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 303897790X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 196
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Book Description
Through reading this book, you will obtain information on: (1) the main problems in air separation and natural gas treatment by membrane separation and how to solve them; (2) processes involving membranes and new membrane materials for the more economical utilization of bio-resources; (3) energy selection and membrane development for more expedient and stable harnessing of the natural osmosis phenomenon; (4) many excellent contributions about catalytic membrane bioreactors; (5) how to fine-tune the arrangement of aquaporins (i.e., proteins identified in biological cells) to achieve superior water treatment efficiency.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Reverse osmosis
Languages : en
Pages : 16
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Author: Gnaneswar Gude
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN: 0128167122
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 560
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Book Description
Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Desalination Handbook provides professionals and researchers with the latest treatment activities in the advancement of desalination technology. The book enables municipalities and private companies to custom-design sustainable desalination plants that will minimize discharge, energy costs and environmental footprint. Individual case studies are included to illustrate the benefits and drawback of each technique. Sections discuss a multitude of recently developed, advanced processes, along with notable advances made in existing technologies. These processes include adsorption, forward osmosis, humidification and dehumidification, membrane distillation, pervaporation and spray type thermal processes. In addition, theoretical membrane materials, such as nanocomposite and carbon nanotube membranes are also explored. Other chapters cover the desalination of shale gas, produced water, forward osmosis for agriculture, desalination for crop irrigation, and seawater for sustainable agriculture. International in its coverage, the chapters of this handbook are contributed by leading authors and researchers in all relevant fields. Expertly explains recent advances in sustainable desalination technology, including nanocomposite membranes, carbon nanotube membranes, forward reverse osmosis and desalination by pervaporation Provides state-of-the-art techniques for minimizing system discharge, energy cost and environmental footprint Includes individual case studies to illustrate the benefits and drawbacks of each technique Discusses techniques for the custom-design of sustainable desalination plants for municipalities, private companies and industrial operations
