Author: Mikhail Gasik
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030575020
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 531
Get Book Here
Book Description
This book outlines the physical and chemical foundations of high-temperature processes for producing silicon, manganese and chromium ferroalloys, alloys of molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, alkaline earth and rare earth metals, niobium, zirconium, aluminum, boron, nickel, cobalt, phosphorus, selenium and tellurium, iron-carbon alloys by carbon, silicone and aluminothermic methods. The chapters introduce the industrial production technologies of these groups of ferroalloys, the characteristics of charge materials, and the technological parameters of the melting processes. A description of ferroalloy furnaces is given in detail. Topics such as waste recycling, fines agglomeration technologies, and environmental issues are considered.
Author: A. T. Peters
Publisher: ASTM International
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 216
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Michael Gasik
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN: 0080977669
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 537
Get Book Here
Book Description
This handbook gathers, reviews and concisely presents the core principles and varied technology involved in processing ferroalloys. Background content in thermodynamics, kinetics, heat and mass transfer is accompanied by an overview of electrical furnaces theory and practice as well as sustainability issues. The work includes detailed coverage of the major technologies of ferrosilicon, ferronickel, ferromolybdenum, ferrotungsten, ferrovanadium, ferromanganese and lesser known minor ferroalloys. Distilling the results of many years' experience in ferroalloys, Michael Gasik has assembled contributions from the worlds' foremost experts. The work is therefore a unique source for scientists, engineers and university students, exploring in depth an area which is one of the most versatile and increasingly used fields within modern metallurgy. - All-in-one source for the major ferroalloys and their metallurgical processing technologies, cutting research time otherwise spent digging through old handbooks or review articles. - In-depth discussion of the C, Si, Al-reduction, groups II-VIII of the periodic table, supporting analysis of metallurgical processing. - Contemporary coverage includes environment and energy saving issues.
Author: Lauri Holappa
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128054956
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 27
Get Book Here
Book Description
The word ferroalloy refers to an alloy of iron containing a significant proportion of one or more other elements like silicon, manganese, chromium, aluminum, or titanium. The main applications of ferroalloys occur in the steelmaking process. They are added to steel to improve properties like strength, ductility, and fatigue or corrosion resistance. Additionally, ferroalloys can have several other tasks, such as in refining, deoxidation, modification, and control of nonmetallic inclusions and precipitates. The production and role of ferroalloys are briefly introduced, both from a historical perspective and in light of current and future prospects. Examples of production figures, producers, and markets are presented. Recent developments and main drivers in ferroalloys processing, including energy saving, environmental issues, primary and secondary raw materials resources, and development trends in technology, are briefly discussed.
Author: Michael M. Gasik
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128054948
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 11
Get Book Here
Book Description
This introductory chapter describes the importance of ferroalloys in modern steelmaking and the benefits of applying ferroalloys instead of pure alloying elements. The idea, scope, and structure of the book are outlined.
Author: Heikki Jalkanen
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128054964
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 75
Get Book Here
Book Description
The metallurgical processing of ferroalloys is based on a coherent combination of many scientific fields, which are briefly outlined in this chapter. The metal’s recovery process is based on reduction reactions, where metallurgical thermodynamics and kinetics are of a paramount importance. This includes the knowledge and ability to calculate, monitor, and change the formation of solutions and phases, rate of the reactions, and handling of reaction products in the most efficient way. In parallel, theoretical and engineering data on heat, mass, momentum, and charge transfer are critical for the development and design of ferroalloy production processes and furnaces. The chapter also discusses the basics of the structure and properties of metal and oxide (slag) when melted together with carbon reductants.
Author: Sverre E. Olsen
Publisher: Tapir Academic Press
ISBN: 9788251921916
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Get Book Here
Book Description
Progress in our knowledge of thermodynamics and physico-chemical factors in manganese ferroalloy production has developed rapidly during the past twenty-five years or so. The authors' intention has been to use this basic knowledge in discussions of industrial manganese ferroalloy production. The book presents the principles and current knowledge of processes in the production of high carbon ferromanganese, silicomanganese and low carbon manganese alloys. The book is intended for professionals working in production, plant design or development. It will also be useful for researchers in industry, universities and research institutes. The book can be used as a textbook for courses in extractive and process metallurgy, and for company in-house courses. Thermodynamics of the slag and metal systems are extensively covered. Computational modelling based on assessed thermochemical databases has made it possible to calculate and present a large number of phase and equilibrium diagrams. These diagrams are useful for easy understanding and analysis of the complex heterogeneous equilibria in the manganese ferroalloy metallurgy. The manganese ferroalloys are mainly produced in electric submerged arc furnaces. Electrical relations are briefly discussed. Supply of raw materials, especially manganese ores and coke, is extremely important for the manganese industry. The book gives the reader appropriate knowledge regarding the selection the best of available raw materials. Environmental issues, including greenhouse gas emissions and climate changes, are of growing concern to ferroalloy producers. Carbon will always be needed as a reducing agent, and consequently emission of CO2 gas is inevitable. The book describes solutions to dealing with pollution problems and gives the latest guidelines for greenhouse gas inventories.
Author: Oleg Polyakov
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128055111
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 18
Get Book Here
Book Description
This chapter deals with ferroalloys containing rare-earth metals (REM). Among known REM, only three have significant metallurgical relevance (lanthanum, yttrium, and cerium), and they are considered in more detail. This chapter presents an overview of these REM, their properties, and their reactions with other elements and explores major relevant phase equilibria diagrams. REM sources (raw materials) and methods for their reduction are also presented. Technology for smelting of FeSiREM alloys by carbon and aluminum reduction methods is described.
Author: Gudrun Saevarsdottir
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128054980
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 49
Get Book Here
Book Description
Almost all ferroalloys are produced by smelting in submerged arc furnaces, powered by either AC or DC sources. To understand the smelting process and furnace operations, it is important to manage the theory of electrical circuits, efficiently apply and control active and reactive parts of the system, optimize the power factor and the operation of the electric arc, and so on. These issues are outlined and discussed in this chapter, which provides necessary theoretical and practical knowledge for those who do not have a background in electrical engineering. They are complemented with discussions of heat balance and electrical control of the smelting furnaces and different emissions associated with the ferroalloys production processes.
Author: Isobel Mc Dougall
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128054972
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 68
Get Book Here
Book Description
The process by which ore is converted to a ferroalloy contains a number of steps. These include mining of the ore; preparing the ore by processes such as crushing, screening, washing, grinding, or milling; and sometimes applying beneficiation processes such as flotation, followed by smelting and refining. This chapter describes the equipment used for the smelting of ferroalloys. The first section covers furnace technology and operation by discussing AC and DC furnaces, their electrical operation, electrodes, and related plant such as raw material handling systems, exhaust gas handling, and furnace crucibles, which includes the linings, and cooling of the furnace and the roof. The second section discusses the more important processing steps, which may be applied to the raw materials at the smelter prior to their smelting in the furnace. These include agglomeration by briquetting or the production of sintered pellets, sintering of ore, prereduction, and preheating. The third section describes the treatment of the product and slag after it leaves the furnace, whereas the final section provides a short description of other furnaces for ferroalloys production.
