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Author: Teng Liu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
This dissertation reveals how would thermal stimulation method enhance the fast-charging capability of Li-ion batteries (LiBs) and demonstrate durable, 10~15 minutes fast charging for high energy LiBs. The main challenge of enabling fast charging high-energy LiBs is how to break through the trade-offs between energy density, rate capability, and cycle life. On the one hand, some high-power batteries could be charged within 10 minutes, while the energy density will be severely undermined. On the other, it usually takes hours to charge the high-energy batteries to meet industrially acceptable cycle numbers. In this study, starting from the most common commercial LiBs with layered oxide cathode (LiNi1-X-YMnXCoYO2) and graphite (Gr) anode, it is demonstrated that the thermal stimulation method can effectively boost the rate capability of the batteries and achieve thousands of fast-charging cycles. In an attempt to unravel the phenomena underpinning the degradation of high-energy LiBs under fast charging, we tested LiBs with different areal loadings and developed a numerical model to predict the fast-charging performance under different thermal conditions. Specifically: Chapter 2 introduces how to design a thermal stimulation protocol to achieve fast charging and why it works. For electric vehicle (EV) batteries that undergo fast charging, the difference between their charging and discharging currents can reach an order of magnitude or more. In order to cope with the highly asymmetrical current profiles, we propose an asymmetric temperature modulate (ATM) method, which thermally stimulates the batteries to elevated temperatures during fast charging and keeps the batteries around the ambient temperature for the rest of the time. Using the ATM method, we demonstrated that commercial LiBs that can only survive 60 fast-charging cycles at room temperature could last for thousands of cycles with proper thermal modulation. Chapter 3 looks into the challenges when fast charging high-energy LiBs and demonstrates how to overcome the trade-offs between fast-charging performance and energy density. State-of-the-art (SoA) high-energy batteries use thick electrodes to increase the specific energy. When using the ATM method to charge LiBs with high areal capacities, capacity rollover could happen even with small capacity retention, causing short cycle life. To overcome the mass transport limitation caused by thick electrodes, we adopted an electrolyte with a higher transference number and increased the porosity of the negative electrodes. The high-energy LiB (263 Wh/kg) with enhanced ion transport could withstand 4C charging and last for more than 2,000 cycles without capacity rollover. Chapter 4 discusses the interplay between thermal management and the fast-charging performance with an electrochemical-thermal (ECT) coupled model. Besides minimizing lithium plating, it is also favorable to elevate the battery temperature during fast charging in consideration of thermal management. Elevating the charging temperature from 30°C to 60°C will reduce the average heat generation rate by more than three times. Moreover, if we allow the battery temperature to increase during fast charging, the cooling needs and the temperature variation inside the battery could be further reduced. Chapter 5 shows how to implement a feasible design for urban air mobility (UAM) using fast charging LiBs. The battery pack for electric aircraft should be light-weighted; by using fast-charging LiBs, we can adopt a smaller battery pack and charge it more frequently. We designed a cycling protocol for short-range electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOL). The battery could be recharged in 5 minutes after each 50-mile (80-km) trip and demonstrated remarkable cycle life with the ATM method. Chapter 6 concludes the dissertation and proposes possible advancements in the future.
Author: Teng Liu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Get Book Here
Book Description
This dissertation reveals how would thermal stimulation method enhance the fast-charging capability of Li-ion batteries (LiBs) and demonstrate durable, 10~15 minutes fast charging for high energy LiBs. The main challenge of enabling fast charging high-energy LiBs is how to break through the trade-offs between energy density, rate capability, and cycle life. On the one hand, some high-power batteries could be charged within 10 minutes, while the energy density will be severely undermined. On the other, it usually takes hours to charge the high-energy batteries to meet industrially acceptable cycle numbers. In this study, starting from the most common commercial LiBs with layered oxide cathode (LiNi1-X-YMnXCoYO2) and graphite (Gr) anode, it is demonstrated that the thermal stimulation method can effectively boost the rate capability of the batteries and achieve thousands of fast-charging cycles. In an attempt to unravel the phenomena underpinning the degradation of high-energy LiBs under fast charging, we tested LiBs with different areal loadings and developed a numerical model to predict the fast-charging performance under different thermal conditions. Specifically: Chapter 2 introduces how to design a thermal stimulation protocol to achieve fast charging and why it works. For electric vehicle (EV) batteries that undergo fast charging, the difference between their charging and discharging currents can reach an order of magnitude or more. In order to cope with the highly asymmetrical current profiles, we propose an asymmetric temperature modulate (ATM) method, which thermally stimulates the batteries to elevated temperatures during fast charging and keeps the batteries around the ambient temperature for the rest of the time. Using the ATM method, we demonstrated that commercial LiBs that can only survive 60 fast-charging cycles at room temperature could last for thousands of cycles with proper thermal modulation. Chapter 3 looks into the challenges when fast charging high-energy LiBs and demonstrates how to overcome the trade-offs between fast-charging performance and energy density. State-of-the-art (SoA) high-energy batteries use thick electrodes to increase the specific energy. When using the ATM method to charge LiBs with high areal capacities, capacity rollover could happen even with small capacity retention, causing short cycle life. To overcome the mass transport limitation caused by thick electrodes, we adopted an electrolyte with a higher transference number and increased the porosity of the negative electrodes. The high-energy LiB (263 Wh/kg) with enhanced ion transport could withstand 4C charging and last for more than 2,000 cycles without capacity rollover. Chapter 4 discusses the interplay between thermal management and the fast-charging performance with an electrochemical-thermal (ECT) coupled model. Besides minimizing lithium plating, it is also favorable to elevate the battery temperature during fast charging in consideration of thermal management. Elevating the charging temperature from 30°C to 60°C will reduce the average heat generation rate by more than three times. Moreover, if we allow the battery temperature to increase during fast charging, the cooling needs and the temperature variation inside the battery could be further reduced. Chapter 5 shows how to implement a feasible design for urban air mobility (UAM) using fast charging LiBs. The battery pack for electric aircraft should be light-weighted; by using fast-charging LiBs, we can adopt a smaller battery pack and charge it more frequently. We designed a cycling protocol for short-range electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOL). The battery could be recharged in 5 minutes after each 50-mile (80-km) trip and demonstrated remarkable cycle life with the ATM method. Chapter 6 concludes the dissertation and proposes possible advancements in the future.
Author: Hansen Wang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Secondary battery systems based on lithium (Li)-ion chemistries have achieved great success with their broad applications in portable electronics, electric vehicles and grid storage during the past few decades. However, current Li-ion battery technology requires urgent improvements in two key aspects: fast charging capability and energy density. Fast charging of electric vehicles could significantly improve the recharging experience, but it is currently impossible to fully charge within 10 minutes without undermining cycle life. Further improvement in energy density could enhance vehicle range, but it calls for transition in chemistry to, for example, Li metal batteries that show intrinsically fast capacity decay. Therefore, researches have been focusing on understanding the failure mechanism during Li-ion battery fast charging, as well as pro-long the cycle life of higher energy Li metal battery systems. In Chapter 1, background will be introduced about the current status of efforts to high specific energy, fast charging Li batteries. In Chapter 2, the temperature dependence of equilibrium potential is revealed to impact the Li plating pattern on graphite anodes, directing potential designs to enable the extreme fast charging of Li-ion batteries. In chapters 3 and 4, designs of artificial "host" frameworks are introduced to stabilize the volume of Li metal anodes during cycling, improving the cycle life. In chapter 5 to 7, molecular designs of novel solvent molecules are discussed to enable highly stable liquid electrolytes with practical Li metal battery cycling performances. The design principles and working mechanisms of these new electrolytes will also be elaborated. Finally, future directions of EV battery developments will be outlooked.
Author: Junqiu Li
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811908443
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 343
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Book Description
This book focuses on the thermal management technology of lithium-ion batteries for vehicles. It introduces the charging and discharging temperature characteristics of lithium-ion batteries for vehicles, the method for modeling heat generation of lithium-ion batteries, experimental research and simulation on air-cooled and liquid-cooled heat dissipation of lithium-ion batteries, lithium-ion battery heating method based on PTC and wide-line metal film, self-heating using sinusoidal alternating current. This book is mainly for practitioners in the new energy vehicle industry, and it is suitable for reading and reference by researchers and engineering technicians in related fields such as new energy vehicles, thermal management and batteries. It can also be used as a reference book for undergraduates and graduate students in energy and power, electric vehicles, batteries and other related majors.
Author: Ryan Longchamps
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The unparalleled performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is driving the ongoing trend of vehicle electrification. However, expanding performance expectations continue to extend the list of "and problems" that require one battery technology to perform many roles that often conflict with each other and are impractical with existing materials. Recently, battery structure modification for internal heating has enabled rapid and efficient thermal modulation of battery performance. This structure, termed the self-heating battery (SHB), achieved restoration of power levels practical for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle batteries in -40 °C ambient conditions. What's more, when adopted for pre-heating to an elevated temperature, 10-minute extreme fast charging was enabled without sacrificing lifetime. In this dissertation, the SHB structure is studied for its applicability to electric vehicle LIBs, which conventionally meet energy density requirements for long range at the cost of stifled power performance. This serves to expand the generality of SHB application at ultra-cold temperatures (e.g., -50 °C) and, overall, the rate capability of existing and next-generation battery materials. Heating rates from ~0.5 °C/s to greater than 1 °C/s are demonstrated, quickly enabling delivery of at least ~50% of RT energy and power, as opposed to almost zero without thermal modulation. Following this, the impact of thermal modulation for improved safety and simplified thermal management is explored from a fundamental perspective. The analysis supports the development of heat-resistant batteries that rest safely in a dormant state during non-operation and are "woken up" for operation by thermal modulation for high power. This paradigm shift in battery design and operation simultaneously enables cooling simplification by enlarging the temperature difference driving heat transfer and reducing the rate of heat generation. Motivated by the broad impact of thermal modulation, the SHB design is revisited to discover an opportunity to reduce overall energy consumption by integrating the requisite switching device to share its generated heat with the battery materials for mutual thermal management. Design guidelines are established and implemented to demonstrate a prototype integrated SHB (iSHB). Through experimental and numerical investigation, iSHB heating performance and lifetime comparable to the legacy structure are elucidated. The SHB -- and now iSHB -- mark the disruption of the more than 200-year-old conventional battery structure, making a passive system active to surrender control of performance to the system designer and make previously unsolvable "and problems" tractable.
Author: Mohammed Fouad Hasan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Li-ion batteries, owing to their unique characteristics with high power and energy density, are broadly considered a leading candidate for vehicle electrification. A pivotal performance drawback of the Li-ion batteries manifests in the lengthy charging time and the limited cycle life. Fast charging is one of the most desired characteristics for the emerging vehicle technologies, which is at a nascent stage and not well understood. Moreover, cycle life is a vital component of battery integration and market penetration. The objectives of this work include: (1) investigating the fast charging induced performance limitations with emphasis on temperature extremes; and (2) studying the implications of combined chemical and mechanical degradation modes on the battery cycle life. In this work, a coupled electrochemical-thermal model is utilized to study the internal behavior and thermal interactions during fast charging process. Additionally, the cycle life predictions are realized by developing a capacity fade model consisting of a coupled chemical (irreversible solid electrolyte interface formation) and mechanical (intercalation induced damage) degradation formalism with thermal effect. Primary results with conventional protocol at high rate (3C) show that at moderate and high operating temperatures the main performance limitations of fast charging originate from lithium ion transport in the electrolyte and ohmic resistance. However, charge transfer resistance is found to be the limiting mechanism for the conventional 1C charging rate at low temperatures. Furthermore, it was found that the concentration build-up at anode surface can be effectively manipulated by using an appropriate charging protocol such as pulse charging and boostcharging. However, it was concluded that at low temperatures, a successful charging protocol is achieved by utilizing the principle of thermal excitement. For battery cycle life, results show that mechanical degradation is the predominant mechanism for capacity fade at low temperatures and high rates. However, the temperature as a stress factor is the principle capacity fade source at high operating temperatures where mechanical degradation is not prominent. The importance of cooling condition, particle size and the exchange current density on life cycle have been emphasized. Finally, a degradation phase map that shows the significance of active particle size and stress factors (temperature and current rate) on the capacity fade is presented. It is concluded that the particle size showed a trade-off in the capacity fade results at different temperatures. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/152626
Author: Yunkai Luo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The advancement of battery technology not only enables the creation of lighter and more durable electronic devices and long-range, long-life electric vehicles but also enhances the efficiency of sustainable clean energy storage, thereby mitigating the climate crisis of global warming. In 2019, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) technology was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, recognizing its significant improvement in our lives, and bringing us a rechargeable green world. The overarching research theme in this dissertation is the development of the next generation of electrochemical energy storage devices that provide high-capacity and can be fast-charged. This development requires the exploration of innovative fast-charging battery electrodes, which are the critical component that enables the battery to supply power rapidly. The bronze phase materials investigated in this dissertation meet this criterion as they contain large lithium-ion diffusion channels which enable fast-charging anode materials for LIBs. Comparative electrochemical studies conducted for bronze phase materials with the same stoichiometry, but different compositions (Mo3Nb2O14 vs W3Nb2O14), offer valuable insights into the design of next-generation, fast-charging materials for LIBs. A second material system, Mo4O11, also possesses properties appropriate for a fast-charging anode material for LIBs. Although the original open structure of Mo4O11 was altered during the first lithiation process, the newly formed layer-like structure was able to achieve both high capacity and fast-charging capability. These studies show that designing materials with rapid ion diffusion pathways and selecting transition metals with multielectron redox capability offer a promising way for simultaneously achieving both high energy and power density in next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices. Another important consideration which plays a vital role in obtaining high-performance batteries is the structure of the electrode. With the increase of mass loading or thickness of tape-cast electrodes, the energy density of batteries is enhanced due to the incorporation of more active materials. However, above a certain thickness, the increasing tortuosity of both ion and electron transport in traditional tape-cast electrodes compromises the power and offsets the benefits of increasing the amount of active material. Leveraging 3D printing technology, it is possible to design intricate 3D electrode structures that establish macroscopic ion-diffusion pathways, thereby breaking the limits achieved with thick tape-cast electrodes. The approach taken in this dissertation is based on obtaining ultra-high mass loading of manganese dioxide (MnO2) on 3D-printed graphene aerogel (3D MnO2/GA) electrodes. For these studies, sodium-ion batteries (SIB) were investigated as the combination of earth-abundant, high mass loading of MnO2 and sodium-ion battery technology creates a cost-effective solution for fulfilling the increasing demands of grid-level energy storage. An ether-based electrolyte was shown to improve the cycling stability of MnO2 compared to several other non-aqueous electrolytes. The feasibility of this approach to obtain both excellent areal energy and power density was demonstrated using a high mass loading TiO2-MnO2 sodium ion battery. The results of this research not only underscore the significance of using 3D-printed electrodes to achieve high energy and fast-charging next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices, but also the use of 3D-printed electrodes to achieve the high mass loading desired for reducing the manufacturing costs for batteries. A related research topic on the properties of pseudocapacitive vanadium dioxide (VO2) with 3D printed graphene aerogel scaffold was designed to evaluate the scalability of 3D electrode structures. The areal capacity of 3D VO2/GA was found to scale with the increase of both mass loading and electrode thickness with only minor sacrifice of gravimetric capacity. The device level scalability of 3D electrodes and the feasibility of using thick 3D electrodes in a commercial electrochemical energy storage device was demonstrated using a pseudo-solid silica-based ionogel material. The resulting sodium metal battery demonstrated scalable areal energy density using a coin cell. The results of this dissertation, which include both the design of advanced electrode materials and development of 3D electrodes, provide a basis for the development of the next generation of electrochemical energy storage devices that exhibit high-capacity and fast-charging.
Author: David Linden
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1516
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Book Description
BETTER BATTERIES Smaller, lighter, more powerful, and longer-lasting: the better battery is a much-sought commodity in the increasingly portable, ever-more-wireless world of electronics. Powering laptops, handhelds, cell phones, pagers, watches, medical devices, and many other modern necessitites, batteries are crucial to today's cutting-edge technologies. BEST CHOICE FOR BATTERY DESIGN AND EVALUATION This definitive guide from top international experts provides the best technical guidance you can find on designing winning products and selecting the most appropriate batteries for particular applications. HANDBOOK OF BATTERIES covers the field from the tiniest batteries yet devised for life-critical applications to the large batteries required for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. EXPERT INFORMATION Edited by battery experts David Linden, battery consultant and editor of the first two editions, and Dr. Thomas Reddy, a pioneer in the lithium battery field, HANDBOOK OF BATTERIES updates you on current methods, helps you solve problems, and makes comparisons easier. Essential for professionals, valuable to hobbyists, and preferred as a consumer guide for battery purchasers, this the THE source for battery information. The only comprehensive reference in the field, HANDBOOK OF BATTERIES has more authoritative information than any other source: * Authored by a team of leading battery technology experts from around the globe * Covers the characteristics, properties, and performance of every major battery type * Entirely revised, including new information on Lithium Ion and Large Nickel Metal Hydride batteries, and portable fuel cells. This one-of-a-kind HANDBOOK helps you: * Apply leading-edge technologies, materials, and methods in new designs and products * Predict battery performance under any conditions * Have all the needed data and equations at your fingertips
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Present-day thermal management systems for battery electric vehicles are inadequate in limiting the maximum temperature rise of the battery during extreme fast charging. If the battery thermal management system is not designed correctly, the temperature of the cells could reach abuse temperatures and potentially send the cells into thermal runaway. Furthermore, the cell and battery interconnect design needs to be improved to meet the lifetime expectations of the consumer. Each of these aspects is explored and addressed as well as outlining where the heat is generated in a cell, the efficiencies of power and energy cells, and what type of battery thermal management solutions are available in today's market. Thermal management is not a limiting condition with regard to extreme fast charging, but many factors need to be addressed especially for future high specific energy density cells to meet U.S. Department of Energy cost and volume goals.
Author: Sun Woong Baek
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This dissertation reviews and clarifies the fundamental thermodynamic relationships relevant to the interpretation of potentiometric entropy measurements on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to gain insight into the physicochemical phenomena occurring during cycling. First, contributions from configurational, vibrational, and electronic excitations to the entropy ofan ideal intercalation compound used as a cathode in a battery system were analyzed. The results of this analysis were used to provide an interpretative guide of open circuit voltage Uocv(x, T) and entropic potential ∂Uocv(x, T)/∂T measurements to identify different mechanisms of intercalation, including (i) lithium intercalation as a homogeneous solid solution, (ii) ion ordering reactions from a homogeneous solid solution, (iii) first-order phase transitions involving a two-phase coexistence, and/or (iv) first-order phase transitions passing through a stable intermediate phase. These interpretations were illustrated with experimental data for different battery electrode materials including TiS2, LiCoO2, Li4/3Ti5/3O4, LiFePO4, and graphite electrodes with metallic lithium as the counter electrode. The systematic interpretation of Uocv(x, T) and ∂Uocv(x, T)/∂T can enhance other structural analysis techniques such as X-ray diffraction, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Thermal signatures associated with electrochemical and transport phenomena occurring in LIB systems were investigated by performing potentiometric entropy measurement and isothermal operando calorimetry on LIB systems. Here, LIB system consisting of electrodes made of TiNb2O7 and PNb9O25 were investigated. The potentiometric entropy measurements of TiNb2O7 and PNb9O25 featured signatures of intralayer ion ordering upon lithiation that could not be observed with in situ X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, entropy measurements also confirmed the semiconductor-to-metal transition taking place at PNb9O25 upon lithiation. Furthermore, isothermal operando calorimetry measurements indicated that the nature of heat generation was dominated by Joule heating, which sensitively changed as the conductivity of the electrode increased with increasing lithiation. The heat generation rate decreased at the TiNb2O7 and PNb9O25 electrode upon lithiation due to the decrease in electrical resistivity caused by the semiconductor-to-metal transition also observed in potentiometric entropy measurements. In addition, the time-averaged irreversible heat generation rate indicated that the electrical resistance of the lithium metal electrode was constant and independent of the state of charge while the electrical resistance of the PNb9O25 changedsignificantly with the state of charge. Moreover, calorimetry measurements have shown that the electrical energy losses were dissipated entirely in the form of heat. Furthermore, the enthalpy of mixing, obtained from operando calorimetry, is found to be small across the different degrees of lithiation, pointing to the high rate of lithium-ion diffusion at the origin of rapid rate performance of TiNb2O7 and PNb9O25. Moreover, the effect of particle size on the electrochemical performance and heat generation in LIB systems were investigated using two LIBs consisting of electrodes made of either(W0.2V0.8)3O7 nanoparticles synthesized by sol-gel method combined with freeze-drying or (W0.2V0.8)3O7 microparticles synthesized by solid-state method. Galvanostatic cycling confirmed that the electrode made of (W0.2V0.8)3O7 nanoparticles featured larger capacity and better retention at high C-rates than that made of the (W0.2V0.8)3O7 microparticles. Entropic potential measurements performed at slow C-rate indicated that both nanoparticles and microparticles underwent a semiconductor to metal transition, and nanoparticles underwent a two-phase coexistence region over a narrower range of composition. Operando calorimetry measurements at high C-rate established that the heat generation rate increased at the (W0.2V0.8)3O7 electrode upon lithiation due to an increase in charge transfer resistance regardless of particle size. Moreover, the time-averaged irreversible heat generation rate was slightly but systematically smaller at the electrode made of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the specific dissipated energy and the contribution from enthalpy of mixing caused by lithium concentration gradient was notably smaller for (W0.2V0.8)3O7 nanoparticles. These observations were attributed to the fact that nanoparticles were less electrically resistive and able to accommodate more lithium while lithium ion intercalation therein was more kinetically favorable.
Author: Bruno Scrosati
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 1782423982
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 547
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Book Description
Advances in Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles provides an in-depth look into the research being conducted on the development of more efficient batteries capable of long distance travel. The text contains an introductory section on the market for battery and hybrid electric vehicles, then thoroughly presents the latest on lithium-ion battery technology. Readers will find sections on battery pack design and management, a discussion of the infrastructure required for the creation of a battery powered transport network, and coverage of the issues involved with end-of-life management for these types of batteries. Provides an in-depth look into new research on the development of more efficient, long distance travel batteries Contains an introductory section on the market for battery and hybrid electric vehicles Discusses battery pack design and management and the issues involved with end-of-life management for these types of batteries
