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Author: João J. Cerqueira
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832520340
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 109
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Book Description
Author: João J. Cerqueira
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832520340
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 109
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Book Description
Author: Barry Horwitz
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
ISBN: 288919020X
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 314
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Book Description
In the last few years, advances in human structural and functional neuroimaging (fMRI, PET, EEG/MEG) have resulted in an explosion of studies investigating the anatomical and functional connectivity between different regions of the brain. More and more studies have employed resting and task-related connectivity analyses to assess functional interactions, and diffusion-weighted tractography to study white matter organization. Many of these studies have addressed normal human function, but recently, a number of investigators have turned their attention to examining brain disorders. The study of brain disorders is a complex endeavor; not only does it require understanding the normal brain, and the regions involved in a particular function, but also it needs a deeper understanding of brain networks and their dynamics. This Research Topic will provide the scientific community with an overview of how to apply connectivity methods to study brain disease, and with perspectives on what are the strength and limitations of each modality. For this Research Topic, we solicit both reviews and original research articles on the use of brain connectivity analysis, with non-human or human models, to explore neurological, psychiatric, developmental and neurodegenerative disorders from a system perspective. Connectivity studies that have focused on one or more of the following will be of particular interest: (1) detection of abnormal functional/structural connectivity; (2) neural plasticity, assessed by changes in connectivity, in patients with brain disorders; (3) assessment of therapy using connectivity measures; (4) relation of connectivity changes to behavioral changes.
Author: Olaf Sporns
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262017903
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 253
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Book Description
A pioneer in the field outlines new empirical and computational approaches to mapping the neural connections of the human brain. Crucial to understanding how the brain works is connectivity, and the centerpiece of brain connectivity is the connectome, a comprehensive description of how neurons and brain regions are connected. In this book, Olaf Sporns surveys current efforts to chart these connections—to map the human connectome. He argues that the nascent field of connectomics has already begun to influence the way many neuroscientists collect, analyze, and think about their data. Moreover, the idea of mapping the connections of the human brain in their entirety has captured the imaginations of researchers across several disciplines including human cognition, brain and mental disorders, and complex systems and networks. Discovering the Human Connectome offers the first comprehensive overview of current empirical and computational approaches in this rapidly developing field.
Author: National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309045290
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 195
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Book Description
The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."
Author: Christophe Habas
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319789260
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 360
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Book Description
Notable experts in the field of neuroimaging provide comprehensive overviews of advances in functional and structural aspects of both common and uncommon brain disorders. Functional imaging is evolving quickly but researchers and clinicians do not always have a strong understanding of the fundamental basis of the imaging techniques that they use. By focusing on both structure and function this book will provide a strong foundation for emerging developments in the field.
Author: Xu Han
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The brain is a highly coordinated network, consisting of a set of interconnected regions. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) is the predominant method used to investigate functional brain networks. It measures brain-wide resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) by estimating co-fluctuations of spontaneous brain activities between different regions. Despite significant progress, current research on brain network function using rsfMRI largely remains at the correlational and descriptive level. A comprehensive understanding of causal relationships of brain networks and how brain networks mediate behavior remains elusive. To address this issue, this dissertation comprises three studies. In the first study, the feasibility of deriving causality (i.e., directional information) in the brain network was examined by utilizing neural modulation techniques and rsfMRI. The study was carried out on a resting-state rodent model using stabilized step-function opsin (SSFO)-based optogenetics combined with rsfMRI. The impact of a localized increase of excitability on brain-wide RSFC was examined by incorporating Pearson's correlation and partial correlation analyses in a graphical model to derive both directness and directional information in connections that displayed RSFC modulations. The results showed that upon SSFO activation of the dentate gyrus (DG), there were significant changes in connectivity within several brain regions associated with the DG, particularly in the medial prefrontal cortex. Based on a causal inference model, an accuracy rate of 84%-100% was achieved when compared to the directional information obtained from anatomical tracing data. In the second study, the causal impact of inhibiting a central node in the memory network (i.e., the dorsal hippocampus) on both brain-wide RSFC and behavior was investigated by combining chemogenetics, rsfMRI, and behavior tests. The results demonstrated that the suppression of dorsal hippocampus (dHP) activity led to significant alterations in RSFC in an extended hippocampal-related brain network. Importantly, the data suggest that these changes contributed to the impaired performance observed in a memory-related test (i.e., Y-maze). In a separate research line, the development of neurovascular coupling in postnatal mice was investigated. Neurovascular coupling is the mechanism that associates neural activity with subsequent blood flow and forms the foundation of the fMRI signal. However, neurovascular coupling is not mature in neonates, hindering the interpretation of fMRI signals in young animals. In this dissertation, hemodynamic response was measured in awake mice from 10 days postnatal to adulthood (P10-P60). The data showed that the stimulation-evoked BOLD response was lower or even negative in young pups, and the time-to-peak of the BOLD signal in young mice was longer. Collectively, this dissertation established the optogenetic- and chemogenetic-fMRI systems to investigate the relationship between local region activity and RSFC modulation. It provided a way to analyze causal relationships between brain regions and determine network contributions to behavioral changes under neural modulation. It also characterized development-related neurovascular coupling.
Author: Alex Fornito
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0124081185
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 496
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Book Description
Fundamentals of Brain Network Analysis is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to methods for unraveling the extraordinary complexity of neuronal connectivity. From the perspective of graph theory and network science, this book introduces, motivates and explains techniques for modeling brain networks as graphs of nodes connected by edges, and covers a diverse array of measures for quantifying their topological and spatial organization. It builds intuition for key concepts and methods by illustrating how they can be practically applied in diverse areas of neuroscience, ranging from the analysis of synaptic networks in the nematode worm to the characterization of large-scale human brain networks constructed with magnetic resonance imaging. This text is ideally suited to neuroscientists wanting to develop expertise in the rapidly developing field of neural connectomics, and to physical and computational scientists wanting to understand how these quantitative methods can be used to understand brain organization. Winner of the 2017 PROSE Award in Biomedicine & Neuroscience and the 2017 British Medical Association (BMA) Award in Neurology Extensively illustrated throughout by graphical representations of key mathematical concepts and their practical applications to analyses of nervous systems Comprehensively covers graph theoretical analyses of structural and functional brain networks, from microscopic to macroscopic scales, using examples based on a wide variety of experimental methods in neuroscience Designed to inform and empower scientists at all levels of experience, and from any specialist background, wanting to use modern methods of network science to understand the organization of the brain
Author: Mikhail I. Rabinovich
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262549905
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 371
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Book Description
Experimental and theoretical approaches to global brain dynamics that draw on the latest research in the field. The consideration of time or dynamics is fundamental for all aspects of mental activity—perception, cognition, and emotion—because the main feature of brain activity is the continuous change of the underlying brain states even in a constant environment. The application of nonlinear dynamics to the study of brain activity began to flourish in the 1990s when combined with empirical observations from modern morphological and physiological observations. This book offers perspectives on brain dynamics that draw on the latest advances in research in the field. It includes contributions from both theoreticians and experimentalists, offering an eclectic treatment of fundamental issues. Topics addressed range from experimental and computational approaches to transient brain dynamics to the free-energy principle as a global brain theory. The book concludes with a short but rigorous guide to modern nonlinear dynamics and their application to neural dynamics.
Author: Adela-Maria Isvoranu
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 100054107X
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 261
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Book Description
A systematic, innovative introduction to the field of network analysis, Network Psychometrics with R: A Guide for Behavioral and Social Scientists provides a comprehensive overview of and guide to both the theoretical foundations of network psychometrics as well as modelling techniques developed from this perspective. Written by pioneers in the field, this textbook showcases cutting-edge methods in an easily accessible format, accompanied by problem sets and code. After working through this book, readers will be able to understand the theoretical foundations behind network modelling, infer network topology, and estimate network parameters from different sources of data. This book features an introduction on the statistical programming language R that guides readers on how to analyse network structures and their stability using R. While Network Psychometrics with R is written in the context of social and behavioral science, the methods introduced in this book are widely applicable to data sets from related fields of study. Additionally, while the text is written in a non-technical manner, technical content is highlighted in textboxes for the interested reader. Network Psychometrics with R is ideal for instructors and students of undergraduate and graduate level courses and workshops in the field of network psychometrics as well as established researchers looking to master new methods. This book is accompanied by a companion website with resources for both students and lecturers.
Author: Jürgen Rybak
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128071524
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 37
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Book Description
A fundamental objective in neurobiology is to understand the neuronal circuitry that underlies different aspects of behavior (sensory integration, decision making, motor control, learning, and memory formation). In invertebrates, neural circuitry is classically analyzed at the cellular level using sparse reconstruction based on single cell staining techniques (Golgi and intracellular staining) in conjunction with functional and correlative studies using immunohistology and ultrastructure analysis. These approaches led to the identification of complete circuits at the synaptic level in small invertebrates (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans) and in small parts of the brain (e.g., fly lamina). Advances in light microscopy techniques and the use of targeted expression of neuronal and molecular markers in transgenic animals allow more elaborate circuit mapping. High-throughput techniques in electron microscopy, genetic engineering (‘brainbow’), and three-dimensional microscopy of global brain circuitry allow the establishment of the connectome and complete wiring diagrams of dense neuropils, including synaptic connections. This chapter focuses on methods for characterizing ’microcircuits’—that is, the connectome on the synaptic level.
