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Author: Ken Gilhooly
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 9780863779794
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 116
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Book Description
The major purpose of this special issue is to highlight the topic of expert thinking. The issue samples the diversity of domains of expertise and includes a good sample of paradigms and methods, with articles that involve think aloud problem solving tasks, computer simulations, and traditional learning or memory tasks. It also has articles that illustrate the diversity of settings in which expertise is practised and can be studied, ranging from the traditional psychology laboratory to cognition in "the wild". Reasoning is generally regarded as an aggregate of fundamental processes that are involved in such complex behaviours as decision-making, planning, and problem solving. Are complex reasoning processes per se the defining hallmark of expertise? Articles in this special issue particularly highlight ways in which reasoning does depend on memory, e.g., for musical scores (Chaffin & Imreh) and for chess games (Gobet), and does become more efficient over time (Clarke & Lamberts). However, experts also use quite general strategies, such as hypothesis testing and the combination of forward and backward chaining (Clarke & Lamberts, Ball, Evans, Dennis & Ormerod).
Author: Ken Gilhooly
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 9780863779794
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 116
Get Book Here
Book Description
The major purpose of this special issue is to highlight the topic of expert thinking. The issue samples the diversity of domains of expertise and includes a good sample of paradigms and methods, with articles that involve think aloud problem solving tasks, computer simulations, and traditional learning or memory tasks. It also has articles that illustrate the diversity of settings in which expertise is practised and can be studied, ranging from the traditional psychology laboratory to cognition in "the wild". Reasoning is generally regarded as an aggregate of fundamental processes that are involved in such complex behaviours as decision-making, planning, and problem solving. Are complex reasoning processes per se the defining hallmark of expertise? Articles in this special issue particularly highlight ways in which reasoning does depend on memory, e.g., for musical scores (Chaffin & Imreh) and for chess games (Gobet), and does become more efficient over time (Clarke & Lamberts). However, experts also use quite general strategies, such as hypothesis testing and the combination of forward and backward chaining (Clarke & Lamberts, Ball, Evans, Dennis & Ormerod).
Author: Andreas Blom
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821374591
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 90
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Book Description
This book reviews current education and skills training options in the Eastern Caribbean and asks whether the prevailing education policies adequately prepare youth for the global economy. It provides in-depth analysis and relevant international cutting-edge practices to guide policymakers, educators and private sector leaders in fostering a creative, productive and well-paid workforce. Specifically, it makes the case for why the OECS education and training systems need to be more responsive to changing labor market demands in the region, and discusses how this could be achieved, taking into c.
Author: Kathleen L. Mosier
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 1136945113
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 433
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Book Description
The focus of this book is on how experts adapt to complexity, synthesize and interpret information in context, and transform or "fuse" disparate items of information into coherent knowledge. The chapters examine these processes across experts (e.g. global leaders, individuals in extreme environments, managers, police officers, pilots, commanders, doctors, inventors), across contexts (e.g. space and space analogs, corporate organizations, command and control, crisis and crowd management, air traffic control, the operating room, product development), and for both individual and team performance. Successful information integration is a key factor in the success of diverse endeavors, including team attempts to climb Mt. Everest, crowd control in the Middle East, and remote drilling operations. This volume is divided into four sections, each with a specific focus on an area of expert performance, resulting in a text that covers a wide range of useful information. These sections present well-researched discussions, such as: the management of complex situations in various fields and decision contexts; technological and training approaches to facilitate knowledge management by individual experts and expert teams; new or neglected perspectives in expert decision making; and the importance of ‘modeling’ expert performance through techniques and frameworks such as Cognitive Task Analysis, computational architectures based on the notion of causal belief mapping such as ‘Convince Me,’ or the data/frame model of sensemaking. The volume provides essential reading for researchers and practitioners of Naturalistic Decision Making and those who study Expertise; Organizational and Cognitive Psychologists; and researchers and students in Business and Engineering.
Author: John Paul Minda
Publisher: SAGE
ISBN: 1473933943
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 364
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Book Description
How do we define thinking? Is it simply memory, perception and motor activity or perhaps something more complex such as reasoning and decision making? This book argues that thinking is an intricate mix of all these things and a very specific coordination of cognitive resources. Divided into three key sections, there are chapters on the organization of human thought, general reasoning and thinking and behavioural outcomes of thinking. These three overarching themes provide a broad theoretical framework with which to explore wider issues in cognition and cognitive psychology and there are chapters on motivation and language plus a strong focus on problem solving, reasoning and decision making – all of which are central to a solid understanding of this field. The book also explores the cognitive processes behind perception and memory, how we might differentiate expertise from skilled, competent performance and the interaction between language, culture and thought.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309131979
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 386
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Book Description
First released in the Spring of 1999, How People Learn has been expanded to show how the theories and insights from the original book can translate into actions and practice, now making a real connection between classroom activities and learning behavior. This edition includes far-reaching suggestions for research that could increase the impact that classroom teaching has on actual learning. Like the original edition, this book offers exciting new research about the mind and the brain that provides answers to a number of compelling questions. When do infants begin to learn? How do experts learn and how is this different from non-experts? What can teachers and schools do-with curricula, classroom settings, and teaching methodsâ€"to help children learn most effectively? New evidence from many branches of science has significantly added to our understanding of what it means to know, from the neural processes that occur during learning to the influence of culture on what people see and absorb. How People Learn examines these findings and their implications for what we teach, how we teach it, and how we assess what our children learn. The book uses exemplary teaching to illustrate how approaches based on what we now know result in in-depth learning. This new knowledge calls into question concepts and practices firmly entrenched in our current education system. Topics include: How learning actually changes the physical structure of the brain. How existing knowledge affects what people notice and how they learn. What the thought processes of experts tell us about how to teach. The amazing learning potential of infants. The relationship of classroom learning and everyday settings of community and workplace. Learning needs and opportunities for teachers. A realistic look at the role of technology in education.
Author: Keith J. Holyoak
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521824170
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 880
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Book Description
The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning is the first comprehensive and authoritative handbook covering all the core topics of the field of thinking and reasoning. Written by the foremost experts from cognitive psychology, cognitive science, and cognitive neuroscience, individual chapters summarize basic concepts and findings for a major topic, sketch its history, and give a sense of the directions in which research is currently heading. The volume also includes work related to developmental, social and clinical psychology, philosophy, economics, artificial intelligence, linguistics, education, law, and medicine. Scholars and students in all these fields and others will find this to be a valuable collection.
Author: F. Bolger
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0585342903
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 279
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Book Description
This volume brings together a range of contributors from Europe and North America. All contributions were especially commissioned with a view to e- cidating a major multidisciplinary topic that is of concern to both academics and practitioners. The focus of the book is on expert judgment and its interaction with decision support systems. In the first part, the nature of expertise is discussed and characteristics of expert judges are described. Issues concemed with the eval- tion of judgment in the psychological laboratory are assessed and contrasted with studies of expert judgment in ecologically valid contexts. In addition, issues concerned with eliciting and validating expert knowledge are discussed. Dem- strations of good judgmental performance are linked to situational factors such as feedback cycles, and measurement of coherence and reliability in expert ju- ment is introduced as a baseline determinant of good judgmental performance. Issues concerned with the representation of elicited expert knowledge in kno- edge-based systems are evaluated and methods are described that have been shown to produce improvements in judgmental performance. Behavioral and mathematical ways of combining judgments from multiple experts are compared and contrasted. Finally, the issues developed in the preceding contributions are focused on current controversies in decision support. Expert judgment is utilized as a major input into decision analysis, forecasting with statistical models, and expert s- tems.
Author: Thomas Wynn
Publisher: OUP USA
ISBN: 0199742820
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 223
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Book Description
In this book, the authors provide a fascinating narrative of the mental life of Neandertals, to the extent that it can be reconstructed from fossil and archaeological remains.
Author: Antarina S. F. Amir
Publisher: ASCD
ISBN: 1416632476
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 266
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Book Description
The clearest guide yet to preparing today's students to succeed in a rapidly changing and increasingly complex world. Information societies—and life in general—require a host of skills beyond those found in the traditional school curriculum. Yet nearly a quarter of the way through the 21st century, educators are still looking for clarity on what these skills are and a comprehensive, whole-school model that explains how to teach and develop them; how to observe and assess them; and how to report learning progress to students, parents, and families. That wait is over. In Life Skills for All Learners, authors Antarina S. F. Amir and Thomas R. Guskey, collaborating with a team of practitioner colleagues at HighScope Indonesia Institute, share a comprehensive, classroom-tested framework for teaching, assessing, and reporting eight of education's new essential skills: * Meta-Level Reflection * Expert Thinking * Creativity and Innovation * Adaptability and Agility * Audience-Centered Communication * Synergistic Collaboration * Empathetic Social Skills * Ethical Leadership Packed with targeted learning activities, grade- and subject-inclusive examples, and skill-specific rubrics mapping a continuum of deliberate development from the earliest elementary years through high school graduation, this resource provides teachers, school leaders, and curriculum developers with the practical advice and inspirational guidance they need to set up all students for lasting success.
Author: William B. Bonvillian
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262361477
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 363
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Book Description
A roadmap for how we can rebuild America's working class by transforming workforce education and training. The American dream promised that if you worked hard, you could move up, with well-paying working-class jobs providing a gateway to an ever-growing middle class. Today, however, we have increasing inequality, not economic convergence. Technological advances are putting quality jobs out of reach for workers who lack the proper skills and training. In Workforce Education, William Bonvillian and Sanjay Sarma offer a roadmap for rebuilding America's working class. They argue that we need to train more workers more quickly, and they describe innovative methods of workforce education that are being developed across the country.
