Evaluation of the Effects of Two Deficit Irrigation Strategies on Vitis Vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon' Yield, Fruit Composition, Cold Acclimation and Hardiness PDF Download
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Author: Ashley R. Basinger
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Arabidopsis
Languages : en
Pages : 198
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Author: Ashley R. Basinger
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Arabidopsis
Languages : en
Pages : 198
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Author: Gabriel Balint
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Aaron Whitlatch
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781303444142
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Pre-veraison or "early" deficit irrigation has been shown to produce smaller berry sizes and higher anthocyanin concentrations (Kennedy et al. 2002, Matthews and Anderson 1989, Matthews et al. 1990, Roby and Matthews 2004). However, modification of irrigation regimes following an early deficit treatment has not been studied to the same extent. In order to observe the effects of varying post-veraison irrigation regimes following pre-veraison water stress, six irrigation treatments were applied to Cabernet Sauvignon over the course of one growing season. The treatments differed in target leaf water potentials (LWPs) and included a highly-irrigated control (CTL: greater than -10 bar all season), a grower standard practice (RHP: -11 to -12 bar all season), a post-veraison deficit irrigated treatment (LD: -11 pre-veraison, -14 post-veraison), and three early deficit treatments with -14 bar pre-veraison LWPs. Following veraison, these three treatments had different target LWPs--one continued with water stress (ED-: -14 bar pre-verasion, -14 bar post-veraison), one represented a standard early deficit treatment with little stress following veraison (ED: -14 bar pre-veraison, -11 bar post-veraison), one was irrigated much more than the control (ED+: -14 bar pre-veraison, greater than -9 bar post-veraison). While the ED and ED- were the smallest berries, the ED+ treatment had significantly higher berry elasticity as well as berry diameters equal to the CTL. ED+ had lower anthocyanin concentration than the other EDs, but nearly the same anthocyanin concentration as the RHP (and more than CTL and LD). Measurements were taken for shoot growth, berry elasticity, fruit composition, phenolic content, and 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine concentration. Additionally, a full sensory descriptive analysis was performed for the 2011 wines made from these six treatments as well as for the 2010 and 2009 wines made from similar irrigation treatments from this same vineyard. Across all years, there was no clear relationship between fruit aromas or vegetative aromas with irrigation regime. All treatments and years had very low levels of MIBP bordering on the limit of detection both by sensory analysis (bell pepper aroma) and GC/MS/MS quantification. For 2011 wines, the ED and ED- grouped near red fruit aroma in sensory analysis. While ED+ was not significantly different than these treatments, it did have lower anthocyanins, tannins, as well as higher mean scores in cooked vegetable and barnyard aromas. The ED+ treatment allowed for less berry weight loss prior to harvest and yields equivalent to the CTL while using much less water to do so.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Dissertations, Academic
Languages : en
Pages : 324
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"Education, arts and social sciences, natural and technical sciences in the United States and Canada".
Author: Thorsten M. Knipfer
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889768910
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 241
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Author: Xiaochi Ma
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cabernet (Wine)
Languages : en
Pages : 197
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Book Description
Washington state is currently the second largest premium wine producer in the United States, with Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon as one of the top produced varieties. Grape production in Washington not only depends on natural rainfall, but also on supplemental irrigation given the semi-arid climate. However, competition for agricultural water availability between grapes and other staple crops has become intense due to unstable climatic patterns and local policies, making efficient water management essential for sustainable viticulture and the development of the wine industry in Washington. Using Cabernet Sauvignon as a model variety, this project aimed to improve efficiency of water management by investigating the effects of novel irrigation strategies and watering regimes on grapevine physiology and grape production. Chapter one provides a comprehensive review of grapevine performance under water stress and discusses strategies to enhance water management in vineyards. Chapters two to four describe the implementation of a novel subsurface drip irrigation strategy named direct root-zone irrigation (DRZ) and summarize grapevine responses. Compared with traditional surface drip irrigation, DRZ increased leaf net CO2 assimilation rate and yield, reduced shallow root growth, and showed potential to save water and enhance crop water use efficiency without reducing grape quality. DRZ likely increased soil water availability but did not show significant effect on root growth in the deep soil profile. Finally, a greenhouse study described in chapter five investigated the responses of grapevine to four different watering regimes, which revealed that increasing watering rate after veraison did not improve grape yield and quality, but it helped improve carbon assimilation in leaves and relieved water stress in grapevines during later growing stages. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between peroxisome abundance in leaves and midday stem water potential, which provides a cellular readout to better understand grapevine growth under water deficit. Overall, this project provides new ways to improve water productivity and advances the understanding of physiological and molecular responses of grapevines to water stress.
Author: Pascal Ribéreau-Gayon
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 047001038X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 450
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Book Description
The Handbook of Enology Volume 2: The Chemistry of Wine Stabilization and Treatments uniquely combines chemical theory with the descriptions of day-to-day work in the latter stages of winemaking from clarification and stabilization treatments to ageing processes in vats and barrels. The expert authors discuss: Compounds in wine, such as organic acids, carbohydrates, and alcohol. Stabilization and treatments The chemical processes taking effect in bottled wine The information provided helps to achieve better results in winemaking, providing an authoritative and complete reference manual for both the winemaker and the student.
Author: Constantin Heitkamp
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321608861
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Six different deficit irrigation regimes with four subsamples each were established in a commercial Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard (Dunnigan Hills AVA) in 2011. This study details the second and third vintage of the experiment (2012/13). Three treatments were maintained at constant leaf water potential targets, notably: a well-watered Control (CTL, -10 bars), the grower control (RHP, -13 bars) and a minimal irrigation (ED-, -14.5 bars). Two more "early deficit" treatments were switched at veraison, namely ED (-14.5/-11 bars) and ED+ (-14.5/>-10 bars). A "late" deficit featured stress exclusively post-veraison (-11/-14.5 bars). Differences in canopy development resulting from water availability were especially apparent in 2012, but the planned remote-sensing/canopy modeling by an academic cooperator did not deliver tangible results. Grapes were harvested when treatments reached a 24 Brix target and analyzed by our industry cooperator. Triplicate fermentations of each treatment were performed at the UC Davis Pilot Winery and resulting wines analyzed again as well as submitted to a full descriptive analysis sensory study. Seasonality presented an overriding effect, with 2012 expressing more extreme examples than 2013. Yields were reduced by up to 60% by deficit treatments in relation to their severity, but partially recovered with late season irrigation (ED+). As previously reported, the number of berries per cluster was a main contributing factor. Grape composition was affected primarily in its polyphenolic content, with increases in total tannin and non-tannin phenols of up to 20% with more extreme and more consistent deficits. ED+ effectively recovered overall yield, but did not significantly differ from the well-watered control with regards to composition. Moreover, ED+ exhibited slow late-season sugar accumulation paired with increasing pH-values. Pyrazines were only registered during the 2012 season and followed the well-documented pattern of number of buds/vine and early season canopy light environment, resulting in LD having the highest (49ppt) and ED+ having the absolute lowest values (18ppt). Wine compositions followed the composition observed in grape, with no apparent indications of extractability differences. Wine color presented the most apparent difference, with RHP, LD and ED- exhibiting greater intensity, but only LD showing a noticeably purple hue. Pyrazines were undetectable in wines. Descriptive Analysis training of 15 judges of diverse demographics produced 13 aroma- and 6 taste/mouthfeel attributes. When assessed by year, wines only differed significantly in astringency and "hot" mouthfeel (2012) or astringency and sour taste (2013), all of which clearly followed the concentrations established by the grape and wine analyses. When analyzing both vintages, a total of 9 attributes returned significant differences mostly driven by seasonality, thus insufficiently characterizing treatment effects other than astringency and alcohol. Future work, as currently already partially underway, should examine deficit irrigation effects across different cultivars while recording specific plant metabolomics measurements or whole-canopy modeling. The quantification of individual anthocyanin- and polyphenol-species may prove helpful in determining extraction and color stabilization patterns. Given the recurrently negligible effect of yield and berry size, viticultural decisions should increasingly be driven by economical considerations supplemented by judgmental winemaking decisions to achieve the desired product.
Author: Jason Edward Stout
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Grapes
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
RDI significantly reduced soil water availability at veraison, but the deficit was replenished by the end of the season. Water use efficiency was maximized in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' when additional water was applied post-veraison. RDI in 'Concord' initially reduced yields, but the vines adapted over time.
Author: Maria Suk Smith
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Cold stress is among the major limiting factors for wine grape production in Pennsylvania. Post-budburst spring frost events and dormant mid-winter low temperatures can cause freeze injury of grapevine vegetative and reproductive tissues resulting in partial or total crop loss. Vineyard management practices, such as site and cultivar selection and crop load management, can impact vine susceptibility to freeze stress through avoidance or tolerance mechanisms. To understand how different practices influence vine susceptibility to freeze injury, it is crucial to analyze plant physiological adaptation and response mechanisms.Three studies utilizing young potted vines grown outdoor and mature vineyard plantings were conducted to evaluate the role of cultivar selection and crop load management in reducing the risk of freeze injury during the dormant season or post-budburst. Each study evaluated different aspects of vineyard practices and the relationship to freeze injury. In the first study, two Vitis species with different genetic parentage and mid-winter freeze tolerance were compared for hydraulic response and recovery to post-budburst freeze injury. Stem xylem anatomical traits of each species were measured to determine their role in vine response and recovery to freeze injury. The second and third studies compared a novel crop load management technique, early leaf removal (ELR), to a more traditional yield regulation practice, cluster thinning (CT), on two high-yielding cultivars, Vitis hybrid Chancellor and V. vinifera Grner Veltliner. In each of these two studies, the timing (Grner Veltliner; trace bloom versus fruit set) and intensity (Chancellor; low versus high) of ELR and CT were compared to an un-defoliated, un-thinned control. One of the objectives was to understand how manipulating vine crop load (i.e., carbohydrate source-sink ratio) would influence leaf photosynthetic capacity (Grner Veltliner) and overwinter starch concentration in storage tissues (Chancellor) and how those factors relate to bud winter freeze tolerance. Additionally, the impact of crop load management practices on commercially important production parameters, such yield components, fruit ripeness, wine composition and consumer sensory perception (Chancellor), and economic impacts were assessed. In the first study, short-term hydraulic response (within 48 hours) to a temperature-controlled post-budburst freeze stress differed by species. Species differences in stem xylem anatomical traits (e.g., vessel frequency, vessel grouping) supported the contrasting hydraulic response. The long-term seasonal recovery from freeze injury, however, was similar between species despite differences in anatomical traits. In the second and third study, ELR had a greater impact on bud freeze tolerance than CT only during vine acclimation in Grner Veltliner and during mid-winter in Chancellor; however, all crop load treatments positively influence starch concentration in perennial tissues. Furthermore, the vine response to ELR depended on the percentage of leaf area removed, which was higher in Chancellor than Grner Veltliner at the same phenological stage. Overall, our results pertaining to freeze injury suggest a continued need for exploring mechanisms behind vine response to vineyard management practices and vine traits that benefit response and recovery to cold stress.
