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Author: Patrick Fleming
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 54
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Book Description
We evaluate three farmer behavioral responses to incentive payments for ecosystem services, specifically a cover crop cost-share program aimed at reducing nitrogen loads in the Chesapeake Bay. Using farmer survey data in Maryland, we estimate a two-stage simultaneous equation model to correct for voluntary enrollment. Econometric model results are integrated with the Chesapeake Bay Program watershed model to estimate nitrogen abatement for the Bay and associated abatement costs. Estimated additionality for nitrogen abatement is 97% for enrolled farmers when only the direct treatment effect on cover crops is taken into account, but reductions in vegetative cover (slippage) and indirect effects on conservation tillage are consequential. Slippage is particularly large among unenrolled farmers, indicating that loss of vegetative cover may substantially offset pollution abatement if cost sharing is extended to this group. These findings suggest that unenrolled farmers may not be a low-cost source of pollution abatement as is often assumed.
Author: Patrick Fleming
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 54
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Book Description
We evaluate three farmer behavioral responses to incentive payments for ecosystem services, specifically a cover crop cost-share program aimed at reducing nitrogen loads in the Chesapeake Bay. Using farmer survey data in Maryland, we estimate a two-stage simultaneous equation model to correct for voluntary enrollment. Econometric model results are integrated with the Chesapeake Bay Program watershed model to estimate nitrogen abatement for the Bay and associated abatement costs. Estimated additionality for nitrogen abatement is 97% for enrolled farmers when only the direct treatment effect on cover crops is taken into account, but reductions in vegetative cover (slippage) and indirect effects on conservation tillage are consequential. Slippage is particularly large among unenrolled farmers, indicating that loss of vegetative cover may substantially offset pollution abatement if cost sharing is extended to this group. These findings suggest that unenrolled farmers may not be a low-cost source of pollution abatement as is often assumed.
Author: Patrick Fleming
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This article analyzes the effect of agricultural cost sharing for cover crops on the acres of three conservation practices. A survey of farmers from Maryland is used to estimate the direct effect of cover crop cost sharing on the acres of cover crops, and the indirect effect of cover crop cost sharing on the acres of two other practices: conservation tillage and contour/strip cropping. A two-stage simultaneous equation approach is used to correct for voluntary self-selection into cost-sharing programs, and to account for substitution effects among conservation practices. Using model parameters from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Chesapeake Bay Program, the estimated effects of cost sharing are then translated to pollution reduction in order to quantify water quality benefits. The results indicate that the large cover crop cost sharing effort in Maryland had considerable effects on cover crop acreage, substantially reducing nitrogen and phosphorus runoff. Moreover, after accounting for the indirect effects on conservation tillage, the cost per pound of phosphorus abatement in the Chesapeake Bay decreased by between 60-67%.
Author: Peter Herman May
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural wastes
Languages : en
Pages : 166
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Book Description
Author: James Shortle
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030470873
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 410
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Book Description
Water pollution control has been a top environmental policy priority of the world’s most developed countries for decades, and the focus of significant regulation and public and private spending. Yet, significant water quality problems remain, and trends for some pollutants are in the wrong direction. This book addresses the economics of water pollution control and water pollution control policy in agriculture, with an aim towards providing students, environmental policy analysts, and other environmental professionals with economic concepts and tools essential to understanding the problem and crafting solutions that can be effective and efficient. The book will also examine existing policies and proposed reforms in the developed world. Although this book addresses and has a general applicability to major water pollutants from agriculture (e.g., pesticides, pharmaceuticals, sediments, nutrients), it will focus on the sediment and nutrient pollution problem. The economic and scientific foundations for pollution management are best developed for these pollutants, and they are currently the top priorities of policy makers. Accordingly, the authors provide both highly salient and informative cases for developing concepts and methods of general applicability, with high profile examples such as the Chesapeake Bay, Lake Erie, and the Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone in the US; the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe; and Lake Taupo in New Zealand.
Author: Philip Loy Bobel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural pollution
Languages : en
Pages : 218
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Book Description
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309069483
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 422
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Book Description
Environmental problems in coastal ecosystems can sometimes be attributed to excess nutrients flowing from upstream watersheds into estuarine settings. This nutrient over-enrichment can result in toxic algal blooms, shellfish poisoning, coral reef destruction, and other harmful outcomes. All U.S. coasts show signs of nutrient over-enrichment, and scientists predict worsening problems in the years ahead. Clean Coastal Waters explains technical aspects of nutrient over-enrichment and proposes both immediate local action by coastal managers and a longer-term national strategy incorporating policy design, classification of affected sites, law and regulation, coordination, and communication. Highlighting the Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone," the Pfiesteria outbreak in a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, and other cases, the book explains how nutrients work in the environment, why nitrogen is important, how enrichment turns into over-enrichment, and why some environments are especially susceptible. Economic as well as ecological impacts are examined. In addressing abatement strategies, the committee discusses the importance of monitoring sites, developing useful models of over-enrichment, and setting water quality goals. The book also reviews voluntary programs, mandatory controls, tax incentives, and other policy options for reducing the flow of nutrients from agricultural operations and other sources.
Author: E. D. Ongley
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN: 9789251038758
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 114
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Book Description
Agricultural operations can contribute to water quality deterioration through the release of several materials into water: sediments, pesticides, animal manures, fertilizers and other sources of inorganic and organic matter. This ''guidelines'' document on control and management of agricultural water pollution has the objectives of delineating the nature and consequences of agricultural impacts on water quality, and of providing a framework for practical measures to be undertaken by relevant professionals and decision-makers to control water pollution.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309177812
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 252
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Book Description
The Mississippi River is, in many ways, the nation's best known and most important river system. Mississippi River water quality is of paramount importance for sustaining the many uses of the river including drinking water, recreational and commercial activities, and support for the river's ecosystems and the environmental goods and services they provide. The Clean Water Act, passed by Congress in 1972, is the cornerstone of surface water quality protection in the United States, employing regulatory and nonregulatory measures designed to reduce direct pollutant discharges into waterways. The Clean Water Act has reduced much pollution in the Mississippi River from "point sources" such as industries and water treatment plants, but problems stemming from urban runoff, agriculture, and other "non-point sources" have proven more difficult to address. This book concludes that too little coordination among the 10 states along the river has left the Mississippi River an "orphan" from a water quality monitoring and assessment perspective. Stronger leadership from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is needed to address these problems. Specifically, the EPA should establish a water quality data-sharing system for the length of the river, and work with the states to establish and achieve water quality standards. The Mississippi River corridor states also should be more proactive and cooperative in their water quality programs. For this effort, the EPA and the Mississippi River states should draw upon the lengthy experience of federal-interstate cooperation in managing water quality in the Chesapeake Bay.
Author: United States. Department of Agriculture
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural conservation
Languages : en
Pages : 156
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Book Description
"Section 6 of Public Law 95-192, the Soil and water resources conservation act of 1977..., requires the Secretary of Agricultre to develop a national soil and water conservation program to guide the Department's future conservation activities on the Nation's private and other nonfederal lands. This document, prepared in response to the Act, is based on an appraisal of existing resource conditions and trends and projected resource needs. It discusses the status of soil, water, and related resources; identifies resource problem areas; analyzes the effectiveness of existing conservation programs; establishes objectives for a national soil and water conservation program; develops alternative programs for meeting these objectives; assesses environmental impacts that would result from implementing the alternative soil and water conservation program; and presents the procedures under which the new programs would be evaluated."--p. iii.
Author: Bradley M. Crowder
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural pollution
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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Book Description
