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Languages : en
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Author: Jonathan James
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 350
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Chapter 1 examines peer effects in the take up of welfare within a school setting- free school meals. Data from the Pupil Level Annual School Census, which collects information on every child attending a school in the UK, is used, defining the peer group using the child's ethnicity and language. Hypotheses about the nature of the peer effect are tested. I exploit the introduction of cashless catering systems which removes stigma. Secondly, by comparing the peer effect for those who have claimed in previous years with those who have not, information is tested. Finally, I test a role model hypothesis. All three have an impact and information is most important for the most deprived. Chapter 2 examines the casual effect of education on teen births and child health. The increase in school leaving age to 15 and 16 increased the years of completed schooling; however, there was no effect of the introduction of new examinations. The compulsory schooling law change to 16 did increase the probability of holding a qualification and reduced the probability of a teen birth. Furthermore, the impact of the increase to 16 also - lead to improvements in birth outcomes, this was primarily driven by the mother having a more educated partner and a reduction in poverty. Other measures of child health are mixed and mostly did not improve. Chapter 3 (with Michele Belot, published in Journal of Health Economics (2011)) pro- vides field evidence on the effect of diet on educational outcomes, exploiting a campaign lead by celebrity chef J amie Oliver in 2004, which introduced drastic changes in the meals offered in the schools of one Borough - Greenwich - shifting from low-budget processed meals towards healthier options. We evaluate the effect of the campaign on educational outcomes using a difference in differences approach; using the neighbouring Local Edu- cation Authorities as a control group. We find evidence that educational outcomes did improve and that authorised absences - which are most likely linked to illness and health - fell by 14%.
Author: Jessica Nicole Monnet
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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Joshua A. Price
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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This dissertation contains three distinct chapters. Each chapter utilizes a different type of data set and implements a different method to identify causal relationships regarding current issues in the economics of education and health. The first chapter analyzes persistence of minority and female students in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) majors in college. I utilize student-course level data for all students attending public four-year universities to determine whether having an instructor of the same race or same gender affects persistence of black and female students within STEM fields. I implement an instrumental variable strategy to control for self selection into courses. Results indicate that black students who have an introductory STEM course taught by a black instructor are significantly more likely to persist in a STEM field after the first year. However, female students are less likely to persist when their introductory STEM courses are taught by female instructors. The second chapter (co-authored with Dr.John Cawley at Cornell University) is an evaluation of a program which offers financial incentives for weight loss. We analyze data from a company which provides a year-long health promotion program that offered financial rewards for weight loss. The types of incentive program varies by employer, with some offering steady payments for weight loss and others requiring participants to post a bond that is refundable based on achievement of weight loss goals. Comparing outcomes across groups, we find modest weight loss for participants after one year. The third chapter analyzes NCAA's Proposition 16 which changed the admission requirements for freshmen student-athletes at Division I colleges. Using institutional level data, I examine how requiring higher SAT scores and high school GPA for eligibility standards affects enrollment and graduation rates for Division I colleges. I implement a difference-in-differences approach using Division II schools and non-student-athletes as the comparison groups. The results indicate that after Proposition 16, Division I schools recruited fewer black freshmen student-athletes when compared with Division II schools. Additionally, I find that higher admission standards did not increase graduation rates at Division I schools.
Author: Iman Dadgar
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ISBN: 9789179118303
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Emily P. Hoffman
Publisher: W. E. Upjohn Institute
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Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 200
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Author: Jessica Lee Cohen
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 134
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(Cont.) We find no evidence that cost-sharing reduces wastage on those that will not use the good: women who received free nets are not less likely to use them than those who paid subsidized positive prices. Cost-sharing does, however, considerably dampen demand. We find that uptake drops by 75 percent when the price of ITNs increases from zero to 75 cents, the price at which ITNs are currently socialmarketed. When the price is between 15 and 30 cents, we observe that pregnant women who purchase an ITN are, on average, in poorer health than those who receive a free ITN. However, in absolute terms, the number of sick women getting access to an ITN at these prices is roughly the same as under free distribution, and the number of sick women getting access to an ITN at the current cost-sharing price is at least 47 percent lower than under free distribution. We use these estimates in a cost-effectiveness analysis of ITN prices on infant mortality that incorporates both private and social returns of ITN usage. Overall, given the large positive externality associated with widespread usage of insecticide-treated nets, our results suggest that free distribution is both more effective and more cost-effective than cost-sharing.
Author: Eugenie Windkouni Haoua Maîga
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 220
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Author: Bo Wang (Ph. D. in consumer sciences)
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Category : Medical policy
Languages : en
Pages : 129
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Preliminary results show that NRPS significantly increased self-reported health status, and the improvement in health condition stems mostly from reducing symptoms caused by minor illness but not from reducing symptoms caused by critical diseases. This study confirms with findings of previous studies that additional pension benefit has a positive effect on health outcomes for the elderly. Moreover, it provides policy implications for the ongoing pension reform in China. The chapter three explores the role of peers from the same country of origin on post-graduation location choices. Doctoral recipients are the main source of international high-skilled labor supply in the U.S. In order to retain high-skilled workers, policy makers need a better understanding about their incentives to choose their long-term career locations after graduation. Unlike prior literature which mainly focused on the impact of demographic characteristics as well as macroeconomic conditions on doctoral students’ career location choices, this project tries to provide a different perspective, shifting the focus from socioeconomic characteristics to the role of PhD research environment. Using the Survey of Earned Doctorates from 1991 to 2018, I implement both linear-in-means model and spatial autoregressive model to answer the question of whether intent-to-stay in the U.S. decisions of peer cohorts from the same country of origin could influence a doctoral student’s own choice for the foreign-born doctoral recipient population. I find strong evidence that doctoral recipient’s own location choice is significantly affected by her peer cohorts from the same country of origin. It suggests that interaction between peers of the same country of origin in PhD programs creates an important information channel through which the post-graduation outcomes could be strongly affected. The findings also suggest that professional job market guidance is needed in order to provide a correct information channel through which PhDs can make better post-graduation decisions.
Author: Isaac M. Opper
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Category :
Languages : en
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This dissertation explores a number of issues in the economics of education and health care. The first chapter, co-authored with Bassam Kadry, M.D., Joseph Orsini, Igor Popov, and Christopher Press, M.D., starts by noting that a large body of literature argues that a large fraction of the increasing health care costs in the United States is due to the increasing prevalence of obesity. Yet most of these studies focus only on the degree to which obesity is correlated with the number of procedures an individual undergoes. If obesity also increases the cost of a procedure, the previous estimates understate the medical cost of obesity. We illustrate this point in the context of hip replacement surgery. We find that obesity does increase the cost of surgery and that ignoring this margin underestimates the cost of obesity by approximately 5%. This suggests that potential savings from obesity reduction programs are larger than previously thought. In the second chapter, I use the fact that multiple elementary schools feed into the same middle school to demonstrate that the positive impact that teachers have on their own students spills over to affect their students' future peers. Although this indirect effect on any particular individual is small, a teacher impacts many more students indirectly than directly, so the indirect value is a sizable portion of a teacher's total value; I find that ignoring teachers' indirect effects underestimates their value by roughly 35%. Because the spillovers also affect teacher value added estimates, I develop a method of moments estimator of teacher value added that accounts for the spillovers and show that accounting for the spillovers does not have a large impact on the ranking of teachers in New York City. I conclude by showing that the spillovers occur within groups of students who share the same race and gender, which highlights the crucial importance that the social network plays in disseminating the effect. Finally, the third chapter, co-authored with Michael Dinerstein, attempts to shed some light on how incentivizing teachers to increase their students' test score affects the way teachers behave, since this is an extremely important input to many education policy decisions. Exploiting a dramatic change in the way teachers in New York City were granted tenure, we provide evidence that incentivizing teacher value added leads to small but statistically significant increases in the teachers value added scores. This increase, however, comes at a cost: the test score gains these teachers cause in their students fade-out more rapidly than similar gains caused by non-incentivized teachers, which suggests a change in the way incentivized teachers direct their attention. Yet, at this point, both of these effects appear small relative to the potential changes this policy could have on the teachers entering and exiting the profession.
