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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 122
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Book Description
This thesis examines the impact of parental job loss and parental job insecurity on several academic outcomes of their offspring. Recent evidence has shown that parental job loss negatively influences the school performance of their offspring. Chapter 2 uses an original dataset I collected myself (described in Chapter 1) to study the effect of parental job loss on children's school performance during the Great Recession in Spain. Conditioning on student fixed effects and observed covariates, the Great Recession generates variation in job loss that could be considered analogous to that provided by randomisation. The results show that after father's job loss, students experience a negative and significant decrease on average grades of about 13 to 19% of a standard deviation. This effect remains unaltered once the impact of mother's job loss on grades is accounted for. Interestingly, maternal job loss has no significant effect on the school performance of her offspring. Moreover, school performance prior to father's job loss is not affected by future job losses, reinforcing the causal interpretation of the link between father's job loss and children's educational outcomes. Finally, the impact of paternal job loss is not homogeneous across students, but it is rather largely concentrated among children whose fathers suffer long unemployment spells after job loss and those students in already disadvantaged families in terms of the level of education of the father. Therefore, these results are pointing out a mechanism (paternal job loss) through which further inequalities might develop during and after a deep economic crisis. Chapter 3 uses exogenous variation in regional labour market policies in Spain to identify the impact of paternal job insecurity on the students' probability of graduating from compulsory education on time. Using data from the Spanish Labour Force Survey, average marginal effects and local average treatment effects (LATE) are estimated. Results indicate that students whose fathers hold a permanent contract (as opposed to a temporary, fixed-term contract) the year they should graduate from compulsory education are, on average, 7 percentage points more likely to graduate on time. LATE estimates are considerably higher, suggesting that those students whose fathers obtained a permanent contract as a result of the availability of regional subsidies reaped bigger benefits from paternal job stability. These results hold when maternal job insecurity is also accounted for, and they are concentrated on male students. Importantly, these findings seem to indicate that the pervasive effects of temporary contracts found elsewhere in the literature go beyond the employees and affect negatively their children's educational outcomes.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 122
Get Book Here
Book Description
This thesis examines the impact of parental job loss and parental job insecurity on several academic outcomes of their offspring. Recent evidence has shown that parental job loss negatively influences the school performance of their offspring. Chapter 2 uses an original dataset I collected myself (described in Chapter 1) to study the effect of parental job loss on children's school performance during the Great Recession in Spain. Conditioning on student fixed effects and observed covariates, the Great Recession generates variation in job loss that could be considered analogous to that provided by randomisation. The results show that after father's job loss, students experience a negative and significant decrease on average grades of about 13 to 19% of a standard deviation. This effect remains unaltered once the impact of mother's job loss on grades is accounted for. Interestingly, maternal job loss has no significant effect on the school performance of her offspring. Moreover, school performance prior to father's job loss is not affected by future job losses, reinforcing the causal interpretation of the link between father's job loss and children's educational outcomes. Finally, the impact of paternal job loss is not homogeneous across students, but it is rather largely concentrated among children whose fathers suffer long unemployment spells after job loss and those students in already disadvantaged families in terms of the level of education of the father. Therefore, these results are pointing out a mechanism (paternal job loss) through which further inequalities might develop during and after a deep economic crisis. Chapter 3 uses exogenous variation in regional labour market policies in Spain to identify the impact of paternal job insecurity on the students' probability of graduating from compulsory education on time. Using data from the Spanish Labour Force Survey, average marginal effects and local average treatment effects (LATE) are estimated. Results indicate that students whose fathers hold a permanent contract (as opposed to a temporary, fixed-term contract) the year they should graduate from compulsory education are, on average, 7 percentage points more likely to graduate on time. LATE estimates are considerably higher, suggesting that those students whose fathers obtained a permanent contract as a result of the availability of regional subsidies reaped bigger benefits from paternal job stability. These results hold when maternal job insecurity is also accounted for, and they are concentrated on male students. Importantly, these findings seem to indicate that the pervasive effects of temporary contracts found elsewhere in the literature go beyond the employees and affect negatively their children's educational outcomes.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
There are many ways parents can improve their offspring's outcomes. For example, they can invest in offspring's education or health. They can provide better social connections to obtain job information or personal references. In addition, they can exert political influence to obtain better labor market outcomes for their offspring. Understanding exactly how parents improve their offspring's outcomes is very important for the formation of political perspectives and policy designs. However, it is very difficult to disentangle the factors, as parents of high socioeconomic status do many things to help their children succeed. This dissertation presents three quasi-experimental studies to understand the causal mechanisms of parents' influence on children's outcomes in the context of China and United States. Chapter two examines the implementation of court-ordered racial desegregation of schools and finds that school desegregation increases biracial births. This provides the first evidence of how an education policy that affects racial integration also has demographic implications and an intergenerational impact on social and economic opportunities.
Author: Linda Cusworth
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317027787
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 306
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Book Description
In this groundbreaking study, Linda Cusworth explores the impact of parental employment or unemployment on the educational and emotional well-being of their children. Using theoretical apparatus from Bourdieu and data from the youth survey of the British Household Panel Study, the research in this book analyzes the impact of parental employment on those born between 1978 and 1990. This study is unique in going beyond the educational achievement and later patterns of employment of the young people studied to look at the whole of children's lives, including their attitudes and aspirations, relationships and emotional well-being. The changed norms of maternal employment and the substantial increase in lone parenthood over the last few decades make this an especially important study both for academics in social and public policy and sociology, and for policy makers.
Author: Bernhard Schmidpeter
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Labor market
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Book Description
I investigate the impact of parental unemployment on children’s educational attainment and long-run labor market outcomes in Austria. I find that parental unemployment shortly before an important educational decision by parents for their children lowers a child’s probability of holding a university degree by more than 5 percentage points. I do not find that income is affected at the beginning of a child’s labor market career along the distribution, but I find a gradual deterioration later on. A substantial share of these long-term losses can be explained by the lower parental investment decision. My results emphasize the intergenerational and long-lasting consequences of parental unemployment.
Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264086390
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 260
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Book Description
This book contains the proceedings of a seminar that shed light on the issues involved in labour market integration of the children of immigrants.
Author: Xingfei Liu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: José Alberto Molina
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030997804
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 275
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Book Description
This book describes the social and economic issues that emerge from mothers in labor markets. It provides insight in what the quantitative effect of motherhood on the decline in mothers’ earnings is, and how things differ for mothers with lower income and lower levels of education. It also sheds light on how this effect varies for different countries and/or cultural areas, and what the impact of socio-economic policies on mothers’ labor supply is and how it changes in different family contexts. The book covers topics such as labor participation and hours of work, paid-work and home production, flexibility and work from home, self-employment and entrepreneurship, fertility and maternity leave, wage-penalty and career interruption, labor supply and childcare, gender norms and cultural issues, intra-household wage inequality and much more. This book provides an interesting read to economists, social scientists, policy makers and HR managers and all those interested in the subject.
Author: Bryce Scott VanderBerg
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This dissertation consists of two empirical studies and one applied theoretical study in labor economics. In the first chapter, I study the extend to which an observed layoff is used by employers to infer a worker's unobserved ability early in their labor market career. In the second chapter, I develop a theoretical model of wage dynamics that extends the employer learning and statistical discrimination model of Altonji and Pierret (2001) to allow for discrete changes in observable characteristics. In the third chapter, which is joint work with Gabrielle Pepin at the W.E. Upjohn Institute, we study the contribution of occupational sorting and mismatch to child penalties in the United States.I: The Signaling Role of Early Career Job LossI examine the extent to which ability signaling explains long-term wage losses suffered by young workers who experience layoffs. Young workers are of particular interest because employers have limited information about their ability, so signaling theoretically plays a larger role in determining wages. In addition, young workers are unlikely to experience wage losses due to loss of industry-specific human capital or separation from high-quality job matches, which may explain long-term wage decreases among older workers. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, I show that young workers of all ability levels initially experience similar wage losses following layoffs, but high-relative ability workers fully recover within five years while low-relative ability workers experience persistent wage losses. Consistent with traditional learning models, relative, not actual, ability affects wage trajectories. I illustrate a conceptual model of layoff signaling that varies by pre-layoff experience and can explain divergent wage trajectories across high- and low-relative ability workers. I test the model empirically and find that low-relative ability workers' inability to overcome negative layoff signals explains a substantial proportion of long-term wage losses among young workers. Employer learning effects vary by race and gender.II: Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination with Unexpected InformationThe Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination (EL-SD) model of Altonji and Pierret (2001) assumes that employers learn about a worker's unobserved ability in a smooth, continuous manner, holding observable characteristics constant. In practice, observable characteristics, such as years of education, often change discretely over time for many workers. I extend the EL-SD model to allow for changes in observable characteristics to influence an employer's belief about a worker's ability. I show that changes in observable characteristics that are correlated with ability lead to discrete changes in employers' beliefs about the worker's ability, interrupting the smooth, continuous employer learning processes described in the EL-SD model. I further show that this discrete change in employer learning is larger for workers early in their labor market career, with the effect diminishing as labor market experience increases. I then use data from the NLSY97 to empirically test these predictions in the context of the signaling role of returning to school. I find suggestive evidence that returning to school to receive a GED or graduate degree sends a positive ability signal to the labor market, while returning to school to receive an associate or bachelor's degree does not.III: Occupational Sorting, Multidimensional Skill Mismatch, and the Child Penalty among Working MothersWe study the extent to which occupational sorting explains child penalties---gender gaps in labor market outcomes due to children---among working parents. Using an event-study approach and data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) 1979 and 1997, we estimate that children generate long-run earnings gaps of over \\$200 per week among working parents. In the NLSY79, we find that children lead mothers to sort into lower-paying occupations in which employees tend to work fewer hours. We estimate that children increase multidimensional occupation-skill mismatch among working mothers by 0.3 standard deviations, relative both to their own levels of mismatch from before birth and to those of fathers. In the NLSY97, results suggest that improvements in labor market outcomes among fathers in response to children, rather than a worsening of labor market outcomes among mothers, seem to drive child penalties.
Author: Ibrahima Sarr (Économiste)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 89
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Book Description
Via experimental and empirical methods, this thesis consisted of three essays studies, on the one hand, the decision rules used in life-cycle decision-making with an emphasis on the correlation neglect and its consequences, and on other hand, hiring discrimination in relation to parenthood. Rational forward looking behavior requires solving complex problems involving computation of the expected maximum future valuations across choice alternatives (Emax computations). In Chapter 1, we conduct an experiment to measure the share of subjects able to perform these computations as well as the share of subjects using two alternative (sub-optimal) rules of computation which ignore correlation between future valuations. The first alternative rule captures subjects who perform Emax computations ignoring correlation between unobservables in the information set. The second alternative rule captures subjects computing the maximum of the expected future valuations (maxE computations), akin to the option-value model of Stock and Wise (1990). Our experimental design exploits different correlation structures between future valuations to separate the share of subjects using each rule. The experiment was conducted with a large and heterogenous sample of subjects, allowing to relate the propensity to use a given rule to a rich set of socio-economic characteristics. Our results suggest that 28% of subjects are able to perform Emax computations exploiting the correlation structure, 20% of subjects perform Emax computations ignoring correlation, while 52% of subjects perform maxE computations. Moreover, we find that the propensity to use a given rule significantly varies across education levels – higher educated subjects are significantly more likely to perform maxE computations. Chapter 2 studies how the labour uncertainties and increased fertility risks associated with delayed motherhood interact in shaping fertility decisions (timing and number of children). Having a child comes with more uncertainties, and agents strategically avoid uncertainties and conflict between parenthood and employment, particularly among women, by securing their employment before turning to parenthood. Consequently parenthood is being experienced on average later in life than ever. We develop a life-cycle model of labor supply and fertility choices decisions and we quantify how labor market uncertainties as well as correlation neglect contribute to fertility delaying. Our parameters estimated (preferences, wage equations, quality of children) are in line with the existing literature. Moreover, our results suggest that a reduction in the labour uncertainties affect differently fertility decisions according to the education attainment. Indeed, the reduction in labour uncertainties increases number of children and decreases the age at first childbirth for lower educated couples, however, it decreases the number of children and increases age at first childbirth of highly educated couples. The behavioural bias of correlation neglect has a heightened effect on fertility decisions and contributes to parenthood postponement. Finally, Chapter 3 presents experimental evidence about hiring discrimination in relation to parenthood in the province of Québec (Canada) via a correspondence testing. It also investigates to what extent parental leave as well as signalling work commitment reduce or reinforce hiring discrimination. Around 1300 applications were sent in response to online job openings for five categories of jobs. The results suggest that men benefit from a bonus when they experience parenthood while women undergo a penalty. Indeed, fathers have a callback rate 18 percentage points larger than their analogue childless men candidates while mother’s callback is 14 percentage points lower than the corresponding childless women’s callback. However, mothers have a higher callback rate than childless women for the job category patient attendant. Signalling job commitment does not eliminate motherhood penalty whereas substantially increases father’s callback rate. Our results suggest that taking parental leave does not affect mother’s callback rate and surprisingly increases father’s callback rate. Job mobility opens up job opportunities meaning employers tend to value the employee’s mobility.
Author: Pavlina Karasiatou
Publisher: Presses univ. de Louvain
ISBN: 2874632023
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 111
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Book Description
Education and work account for the largest period in a person's life. Furthermore, there are strong ties between education and the labour market. This thesis explores the interrelations among them and identifies gains and losses for the individual.
