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Author: Jordi Castello Sant
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The application of numerical methods to model snow avalanches is of vital importance since in recent years there has been a notable increase in people exposed to risk areas due to the practice of mountain sports. The creation of tools capable of forecasting and simulating avalanches represents a step forward in minimizing the personal and economic costs caused by these natural disasters. With the collaboration of the Institut Flumen and the hydraulic modelling software Iber, it has been possible to develop a valid application for the simulation of snow avalanches using finite volumes. On account of this, the friction terms of the Saint Venant equations were previously modified to be valid for describing the behaviour of these non-Newtonian fluids. This Thesis analyses the parameters of friction, cohesion and slope to study how they affect the descent of avalanches. In addition, the numerical scheme is extended by incorporating the parameter of entrainment and four equations are developed that depend, independently, on velocity, snow height and bed shear stress. Thenceforth, the model is calibrated, and the equations are compared taking into account the field data of an avalanche registered in the area of Vallter, located in the Pyrenees of Girona. Finally, once the model has been determined to be sufficiently robust, the event of a historical avalanche that occurred in the ancient village of Àrreu -Pyrenees of Lleida- where nineteen inhabitants lost their lives is studied. For the first time, a study is proposed on how this fateful event happened, taking into account the existing historical documentation, and different current methods of protection and containment are proposed to prevent it from happening again.
Author: Jordi Castello Sant
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The application of numerical methods to model snow avalanches is of vital importance since in recent years there has been a notable increase in people exposed to risk areas due to the practice of mountain sports. The creation of tools capable of forecasting and simulating avalanches represents a step forward in minimizing the personal and economic costs caused by these natural disasters. With the collaboration of the Institut Flumen and the hydraulic modelling software Iber, it has been possible to develop a valid application for the simulation of snow avalanches using finite volumes. On account of this, the friction terms of the Saint Venant equations were previously modified to be valid for describing the behaviour of these non-Newtonian fluids. This Thesis analyses the parameters of friction, cohesion and slope to study how they affect the descent of avalanches. In addition, the numerical scheme is extended by incorporating the parameter of entrainment and four equations are developed that depend, independently, on velocity, snow height and bed shear stress. Thenceforth, the model is calibrated, and the equations are compared taking into account the field data of an avalanche registered in the area of Vallter, located in the Pyrenees of Girona. Finally, once the model has been determined to be sufficiently robust, the event of a historical avalanche that occurred in the ancient village of Àrreu -Pyrenees of Lleida- where nineteen inhabitants lost their lives is studied. For the first time, a study is proposed on how this fateful event happened, taking into account the existing historical documentation, and different current methods of protection and containment are proposed to prevent it from happening again.
Author: Martin Stoffel
Publisher: vdf Hochschulverlag AG
ISBN: 9783728130648
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 170
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Book Description
Author: Maria Belen Heredia Guzman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Snow avalanche is a natural hazard defined as a snow mass in fast motion. Since the thirties, scientists have been designing snow avalanche models to describe snow avalanches. However, these models depend on some poorly known input parameters that cannot be measured. To understand better model input parameters and model outputs, the aims of this thesis are (i) to propose a framework to calibrate input parameters and (ii) to develop methods to rank input parameters according to their importance in the model taking into account the functional nature of outputs. Within these two purposes, we develop statistical methods based on Bayesian inference and global sensitivity analyses. All the developments are illustrated on test cases and real snow avalanche data.First, we propose a Bayesian inference method to retrieve input parameter distribution from avalanche velocity time series having been collected on experimental test sites. Our results show that it is important to include the error structure (in our case the autocorrelation) in the statistical modeling in order to avoid bias for the estimation of friction parameters.Second, to identify important input parameters, we develop two methods based on variance based measures. For the first method, we suppose that we have a given data sample and we want to estimate sensitivity measures with this sample. Within this purpose, we develop a nonparametric estimation procedure based on the Nadaraya-Watson kernel smoother to estimate aggregated Sobol' indices. For the second method, we consider the setting where the sample is obtained from acceptance/rejection rules corresponding to physical constraints. The set of input parameters become dependent due to the acceptance-rejection sampling, thus we propose to estimate aggregated Shapley effects (extension of Shapley effects to multivariate or functional outputs). We also propose an algorithm to construct bootstrap confidence intervals. For the snow avalanche model application, we consider different uncertainty scenarios to model the input parameters. Under our scenarios, the release avalanche position and volume are the most crucial inputs.Our contributions should help avalanche scientists to (i) account for the error structure in model calibration and (ii) rankinput parameters according to their importance in the models using statistical methods.
Author: Michael A. Hicks
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1315751828
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1368
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Book Description
Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering contains the proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering (NUMGE 2014, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 June 2014). It is the eighth in a series of conferences organised by the European Regional Technical Committee ERTC7 under the auspices of the International
Author: Perry Bartelt
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 43
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Author: Florian Rudolf-Miklau
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3433030340
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 432
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Book Description
Snow avalanches can have highly destructive consequences in developed areas. Each year, avalanche catastrophes occur in mountain regions around the globe and cause unnecessary fatalities and severe damage to buildings and infrastructure. In some mountainous regions, especially in the European Alps, technical avalanche defence structures are built to increase the level of safety for inhabited areas; however, new infrastructure such as roads, railway lines and tourist facilities cause new risk potential in hazardous areas. As a result, the demand is increasing for technical avalanche protection solutions. Avalanche defence structures and protection systems are used in most inhabited mountain regions worldwide. During the last decades, technical avalanche protection has evolved from a specialist field to an independent engineering branch that has gained importance in alpine countries such as Austria, Italy, France and Switzerland, as well as in other countries such as Canada, Iceland, Norway and USA. This work is the first comprehensive, English-language overview of technical avalanche protection and establishes state-of-the-art best practices in the field. It covers the fundamentals of avalanche protection technology and includes plans, dimensions, construction and maintenance of defence structures. The editors have collaborated with an international team of experts from Austria, Canada, France, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Norway, Switzerland and USA to produce this landmark handbook.
Author: Kolumban Hutter
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540365656
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 430
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Book Description
A "Sonderforschungsbereich" (SFB) is a programme of the "Deutsche For schungsgemeinschaft" to financially support a concentrated research effort of a number of scientists located principally at one University, Research La boratory or a number of these situated in close proximity to one another so that active interaction among individual scientists is easily possible. Such SFB are devoted to a topic, in our case "Deformation and Failure in Metallic and Granular M aterialK' , and financing is based on a peer reviewed proposal for three (now four) years with the intention of several prolongations after evaluation of intermediate progress and continuation reports. An SFB is terminated in general by a formal workshop, in which the state of the art of the achieved results is presented in oral or I and poster communications to which also guests are invited with whom the individual project investigators may have collaborated. Moreover, a research report in book form is produced in which a number of articles from these lectures are selected and collected, which present those research results that withstood a rigorous reviewing pro cess (with generally two or three referees). The theme deformation and failure of materials is presented here in two volumes of the Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics by Springer Verlag, and the present volume is devoted to granular and porous continua. The complementary volume (Lecture Notes in Applied and Com putational Mechanics, vol. 10, Eds. K. HUTTER & H.
Author: Wei Wu
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319110535
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 318
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Book Description
Landslides and debris flows belong to the most dangerous natural hazards in many parts of the world. Despite intensive research, these events continue to result in human suffering, property losses, and environmental degradation every year. Better understanding of the mechanisms and processes of landslides and debris flows will help make reliable predictions, develop mitigation strategies and reduce vulnerability of infrastructure. This book presents contributions to the workshop on Recent Developments in the Analysis, Monitoring and Forecast of Landslides and Debris Flow, in Vienna, Austria, September 9, 2013. The contributions cover a broad spectrum of topics from material behavior, physical modelling over numerical simulation to applications and case studies. The workshop is a joint event of three research projects funded by the European Commission within the 7th Framework Program: MUMOLADE (Multiscale modelling of landslides and debris flows, www.mumolade.com), REVENUES (Numerical Analysis of Slopes with Vegetations, http://www.revenues-eu.com) and HYDRODRIL (Integrated Risk Assessment of Hydrologically-Driven Landslides, www.boku.ac.at/igt/).
Author: Manuel de Matos Fernandes
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0429823193
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 935
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Book Description
NUMGE 2018 is the ninth in a series of conferences on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering organized by the ERTC7 under the auspices of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). The first conference was held in 1986 in Stuttgart, Germany and the series continued every four years (1990 Santander, Spain; 1994 Manchester, United Kingdom; 1998 Udine, Italy; 2002 Paris, France; 2006 Graz, Austria; 2010 Trondheim, Norway; 2014 Delft, The Netherlands). The conference provides a forum for exchange of ideas and discussion on topics related to numerical modelling in geotechnical engineering. Both senior and young researchers, as well as scientists and engineers from Europe and overseas, are invited to attend this conference to share and exchange their knowledge and experiences. This work is the first volume of NUMGE 2018.
Author: Michaela Teich
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1839693258
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 280
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Book Description
Protective forests are a key component to reduce natural hazard risks in mountain areas by preventing or decreasing the frequency, magnitude and/or intensity of snow avalanches, rockfall, landslides, floods, and debris flows. This book summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge and introduces methods and decision support tools to facilitate the use of protective forests for Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) as part of an integrated risk management in the Alpine Space. Moreover, it highlights how translating scientific knowledge into practical solutions can only be achieved by an active and iterative exchange with practitioners and policy makers, and a common understanding of applied concepts and definitions. Only then can protective forests be managed sustainably under constantly changing climate and socio-economic conditions.
