Author: Cameron C. Beatty
Publisher: IAP
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 286
Book Description
This book encourages leadership educators and practitioners to understand the importance of black male leadership on college campuses in today’s world. As the push to make higher education more culturally relevant and inclusive, the need for these educators to critically engage in their work to create intentional and developmental experiences for their black male leaders is needed now more than ever. The contexts outlined in this book illustrate the need to see Black men's leadership as a critical, dynamic, and ever-evolving component on college campuses that requires intentionality to best develop, serve, and holistically engage Black men in leadership learning. This book is intended to be a practical and scholarly resource to aid in the awareness of Black men in college, Black men's leadership identities and experiences, and the growing need to assist this population's success in college and beyond. Engaging Black Men In College Through Leadership Learning centers on leadership and Black identity as it tackles the intersecting identities of maleness, Blackness, and leadership identity as it encourages educators to consider the importance of the college environment in shaping the next generation of Black men collegiate leaders. In addition, this scholarship provides insight into Black men's leadership experiences in various contexts - including fraternity life, first-year experiences, and student organizations, while capturing the collective experiences of Black men as leadership learners at different types of institutions, including HBCUs, Community Colleges, PWIs and a host of other institution types. This resource is for leadership educators and practitioners to develop Black men as leaders on today’s college campuses, where our global society continues to navigate challenges. This book also situates more nuanced topics such as mental health, trans identity, graduate education, and the experiences of former foster care youth, which provides insight into the experiences of Black men as leaders on college campuses. These contexts illustrate the need to see Black men's leadership as a critical, dynamic, and ever-evolving component on college campuses that requires intentionality to best develop, serve, and holistically engage Black men in leadership learning. We encourage readers of this text to consider how black men’s experiences with leadership are woven into the fabric of your college campus and how you can be an advocate for more critical and sustainable ways to engage Black men in college through leadership learning.
Engaging Black Men in College Through Leadership Learning
Author: Cameron C. Beatty
Publisher: IAP
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 286
Book Description
This book encourages leadership educators and practitioners to understand the importance of black male leadership on college campuses in today’s world. As the push to make higher education more culturally relevant and inclusive, the need for these educators to critically engage in their work to create intentional and developmental experiences for their black male leaders is needed now more than ever. The contexts outlined in this book illustrate the need to see Black men's leadership as a critical, dynamic, and ever-evolving component on college campuses that requires intentionality to best develop, serve, and holistically engage Black men in leadership learning. This book is intended to be a practical and scholarly resource to aid in the awareness of Black men in college, Black men's leadership identities and experiences, and the growing need to assist this population's success in college and beyond. Engaging Black Men In College Through Leadership Learning centers on leadership and Black identity as it tackles the intersecting identities of maleness, Blackness, and leadership identity as it encourages educators to consider the importance of the college environment in shaping the next generation of Black men collegiate leaders. In addition, this scholarship provides insight into Black men's leadership experiences in various contexts - including fraternity life, first-year experiences, and student organizations, while capturing the collective experiences of Black men as leadership learners at different types of institutions, including HBCUs, Community Colleges, PWIs and a host of other institution types. This resource is for leadership educators and practitioners to develop Black men as leaders on today’s college campuses, where our global society continues to navigate challenges. This book also situates more nuanced topics such as mental health, trans identity, graduate education, and the experiences of former foster care youth, which provides insight into the experiences of Black men as leaders on college campuses. These contexts illustrate the need to see Black men's leadership as a critical, dynamic, and ever-evolving component on college campuses that requires intentionality to best develop, serve, and holistically engage Black men in leadership learning. We encourage readers of this text to consider how black men’s experiences with leadership are woven into the fabric of your college campus and how you can be an advocate for more critical and sustainable ways to engage Black men in college through leadership learning.
Publisher: IAP
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 286
Book Description
This book encourages leadership educators and practitioners to understand the importance of black male leadership on college campuses in today’s world. As the push to make higher education more culturally relevant and inclusive, the need for these educators to critically engage in their work to create intentional and developmental experiences for their black male leaders is needed now more than ever. The contexts outlined in this book illustrate the need to see Black men's leadership as a critical, dynamic, and ever-evolving component on college campuses that requires intentionality to best develop, serve, and holistically engage Black men in leadership learning. This book is intended to be a practical and scholarly resource to aid in the awareness of Black men in college, Black men's leadership identities and experiences, and the growing need to assist this population's success in college and beyond. Engaging Black Men In College Through Leadership Learning centers on leadership and Black identity as it tackles the intersecting identities of maleness, Blackness, and leadership identity as it encourages educators to consider the importance of the college environment in shaping the next generation of Black men collegiate leaders. In addition, this scholarship provides insight into Black men's leadership experiences in various contexts - including fraternity life, first-year experiences, and student organizations, while capturing the collective experiences of Black men as leadership learners at different types of institutions, including HBCUs, Community Colleges, PWIs and a host of other institution types. This resource is for leadership educators and practitioners to develop Black men as leaders on today’s college campuses, where our global society continues to navigate challenges. This book also situates more nuanced topics such as mental health, trans identity, graduate education, and the experiences of former foster care youth, which provides insight into the experiences of Black men as leaders on college campuses. These contexts illustrate the need to see Black men's leadership as a critical, dynamic, and ever-evolving component on college campuses that requires intentionality to best develop, serve, and holistically engage Black men in leadership learning. We encourage readers of this text to consider how black men’s experiences with leadership are woven into the fabric of your college campus and how you can be an advocate for more critical and sustainable ways to engage Black men in college through leadership learning.
Engaging in the Leadership Process
Author: Kathy L. Guthrie
Publisher: IAP
ISBN: 164802467X
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 95
Book Description
This book introduces readers to process-based understandings of leadership, providing language and tools for engaging in the leadership process for all involved. This practical book was designed for college student leaders and educators or professionals who work with student leaders on college campuses. However, it is also accessible for high school students and graduate students to reflect on their identity, capacity, and efficacy as leaders. Based on their experiences as leadership educators, the authors offer grounding concepts of leadership and examples illustrating the complexity of culturally relevant leadership learning. Identity (who you are), capacity (your ability), and efficacy (what you do) are important for students to explore leadership development. These three concepts are core to this book, filling a gap in college student development literature by defining, illustrating, and questioning how they matter to leadership learning. Framing leadership as a journey, this resource offers key learning opportunities for students to engage with others through a range of contexts. Each chapter is organized with various features, engaging readers to get the most out of this book. Features include “call-in boxes” to prepare for learning and “pause for considerations” to apply to personal experiences. Chapters conclude with personal reflection questions, discussion questions, and activities to take leadership learning further. The features are designed to be accessible for utilization in classes, organizations, community work, groups, and individual reflection opportunities.
Publisher: IAP
ISBN: 164802467X
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 95
Book Description
This book introduces readers to process-based understandings of leadership, providing language and tools for engaging in the leadership process for all involved. This practical book was designed for college student leaders and educators or professionals who work with student leaders on college campuses. However, it is also accessible for high school students and graduate students to reflect on their identity, capacity, and efficacy as leaders. Based on their experiences as leadership educators, the authors offer grounding concepts of leadership and examples illustrating the complexity of culturally relevant leadership learning. Identity (who you are), capacity (your ability), and efficacy (what you do) are important for students to explore leadership development. These three concepts are core to this book, filling a gap in college student development literature by defining, illustrating, and questioning how they matter to leadership learning. Framing leadership as a journey, this resource offers key learning opportunities for students to engage with others through a range of contexts. Each chapter is organized with various features, engaging readers to get the most out of this book. Features include “call-in boxes” to prepare for learning and “pause for considerations” to apply to personal experiences. Chapters conclude with personal reflection questions, discussion questions, and activities to take leadership learning further. The features are designed to be accessible for utilization in classes, organizations, community work, groups, and individual reflection opportunities.
Engaging African American Males in Community Colleges
Author: Ted N. Ingram
Publisher: IAP
ISBN: 1641132299
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
This volume dedicated to the engagement of African American males in community colleges furthers the research agenda focused on improving the educational outcomes of African American males. The theme engagement also supports the anti-deficit approach to research on African American males developed by renowned research scholars. The true success of African American males in community colleges rests on how well these institutions engage young men into their institutions. This will require community colleges to examine policies, pedagogical strategies, and institutional practices that alienate African American males and fosters a culture of underachievement. The authors who have contributed to this volume all speak from the same script which proves than when African American males are properly engaged in an education that is culturally relevant, they will succeed. Therefore, this book will benefit ALL who support the education of African American males. It is our intent that this book will contribute to the growing body of knowledge that exists in this area as well as foster more inquiry into the achievement of African American males. The book offers three approaches to understanding the engagement of African American males in community college, which includes empirical research, policy perspectives and programmatic initiatives.
Publisher: IAP
ISBN: 1641132299
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
This volume dedicated to the engagement of African American males in community colleges furthers the research agenda focused on improving the educational outcomes of African American males. The theme engagement also supports the anti-deficit approach to research on African American males developed by renowned research scholars. The true success of African American males in community colleges rests on how well these institutions engage young men into their institutions. This will require community colleges to examine policies, pedagogical strategies, and institutional practices that alienate African American males and fosters a culture of underachievement. The authors who have contributed to this volume all speak from the same script which proves than when African American males are properly engaged in an education that is culturally relevant, they will succeed. Therefore, this book will benefit ALL who support the education of African American males. It is our intent that this book will contribute to the growing body of knowledge that exists in this area as well as foster more inquiry into the achievement of African American males. The book offers three approaches to understanding the engagement of African American males in community college, which includes empirical research, policy perspectives and programmatic initiatives.
Shifting the Mindset
Author: Kathy L. Guthrie
Publisher: IAP
ISBN: 1648025609
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 309
Book Description
Calling others in to lead for social justice has never been more important. In a world plagued by multiple and overlapping pandemics and other crises, the cost of leadership failures is constantly rising. Leadership education is responding to these challenges by centering cultural relevance, critical pedagogies, and important issues of identity, capacity, and efficacy in the preparation of emerging learners. Meeting the global demand for social justice requires thoughtful, innovative, and engaged praxes by all leadership educators. Alongside a cadre of diverse authors, we intend to shift the mindset of leadership education toward forward-thinking and holistic solutions, empowering our students to build a fairer and more equitable world for themselves and others. Shifting the Mindset: Socially Just Leadership Education widens and deepens the discourse begun in Changing the Narrative: Socially Just Leadership Education. Our contributors’ ideas occur into two parts: the first examines student social identities otherwise underrepresented in existing leadership education literature. The second portion illuminates key factors of leadership learning contexts frequently under– or unattended in both leadership education and social justice education. Every chapter includes critical considerations and practical guidance for educators striving to meet the leadership demands of an increasingly unjust world. Taken together, these thinking, planning, and acting tools augment the potential of educators who are preparing leaders under uncertain conditions. We envision this book as an essential element of the leadership learning toolkit of socially just leadership ducators at all levels, between contexts, and across varying amounts of education, influence, and experience. You are needed now more than ever before. We, once again, invite you to our ongoing fight for fairness, freedom, and a brighter future for all.
Publisher: IAP
ISBN: 1648025609
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 309
Book Description
Calling others in to lead for social justice has never been more important. In a world plagued by multiple and overlapping pandemics and other crises, the cost of leadership failures is constantly rising. Leadership education is responding to these challenges by centering cultural relevance, critical pedagogies, and important issues of identity, capacity, and efficacy in the preparation of emerging learners. Meeting the global demand for social justice requires thoughtful, innovative, and engaged praxes by all leadership educators. Alongside a cadre of diverse authors, we intend to shift the mindset of leadership education toward forward-thinking and holistic solutions, empowering our students to build a fairer and more equitable world for themselves and others. Shifting the Mindset: Socially Just Leadership Education widens and deepens the discourse begun in Changing the Narrative: Socially Just Leadership Education. Our contributors’ ideas occur into two parts: the first examines student social identities otherwise underrepresented in existing leadership education literature. The second portion illuminates key factors of leadership learning contexts frequently under– or unattended in both leadership education and social justice education. Every chapter includes critical considerations and practical guidance for educators striving to meet the leadership demands of an increasingly unjust world. Taken together, these thinking, planning, and acting tools augment the potential of educators who are preparing leaders under uncertain conditions. We envision this book as an essential element of the leadership learning toolkit of socially just leadership ducators at all levels, between contexts, and across varying amounts of education, influence, and experience. You are needed now more than ever before. We, once again, invite you to our ongoing fight for fairness, freedom, and a brighter future for all.
The Handbook of Research on Black Males
Author: Theodore S. Ransaw
Publisher: MSU Press
ISBN: 1628953411
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 818
Book Description
Drawing from the work of top researchers in various fields, The Handbook of Research on Black Males explores the nuanced and multifaceted phenomena known as the black male. Simultaneously hyper-visible and invisible, black males around the globe are being investigated now more than ever before; however, many of the well-meaning responses regarding media attention paid to black males are not well informed by research. Additionally, not all black males are the same, and each of them have varying strengths and challenges, making one-size-fits-all perspectives unproductive. This text, which acts as a comprehensive tool that can serve as a resource to articulate and argue for policy change, suggest educational improvements, and advocate judicial reform, fills a large void. The contributors, from multidisciplinary backgrounds, focus on history, research trends, health, education, criminal and social justice, hip-hop, and programs and initiatives. This volume has the potential to influence the field of research on black males as well as improve lives for a population that is often the most celebrated in the media and simultaneously the least socially valued.
Publisher: MSU Press
ISBN: 1628953411
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 818
Book Description
Drawing from the work of top researchers in various fields, The Handbook of Research on Black Males explores the nuanced and multifaceted phenomena known as the black male. Simultaneously hyper-visible and invisible, black males around the globe are being investigated now more than ever before; however, many of the well-meaning responses regarding media attention paid to black males are not well informed by research. Additionally, not all black males are the same, and each of them have varying strengths and challenges, making one-size-fits-all perspectives unproductive. This text, which acts as a comprehensive tool that can serve as a resource to articulate and argue for policy change, suggest educational improvements, and advocate judicial reform, fills a large void. The contributors, from multidisciplinary backgrounds, focus on history, research trends, health, education, criminal and social justice, hip-hop, and programs and initiatives. This volume has the potential to influence the field of research on black males as well as improve lives for a population that is often the most celebrated in the media and simultaneously the least socially valued.
Campus Counterspaces
Author: Micere Keels
Publisher: Cornell University Press
ISBN: 1501746901
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 303
Book Description
Frustrated with the flood of news articles and opinion pieces that were skeptical of minority students' "imagined" campus microaggressions, Micere Keels, a professor of comparative human development, set out to provide a detailed account of how racial-ethnic identity structures Black and Latinx students' college transition experiences. Tracking a cohort of more than five hundred Black and Latinx students since they enrolled at five historically white colleges and universities in the fall of 2013 Campus Counterspaces finds that these students were not asking to be protected from new ideas. Instead, they relished exposure to new ideas, wanted to be intellectually challenged, and wanted to grow. However, Keels argues, they were asking for access to counterspaces—safe spaces that enable radical growth. They wanted counterspaces where they could go beyond basic conversations about whether racism and discrimination still exist. They wanted time in counterspaces with likeminded others where they could simultaneously validate and challenge stereotypical representations of their marginalized identities and develop new counter narratives of those identities. In this critique of how universities have responded to the challenges these students face, Keels offers a way forward that goes beyond making diversity statements to taking diversity actions.
Publisher: Cornell University Press
ISBN: 1501746901
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 303
Book Description
Frustrated with the flood of news articles and opinion pieces that were skeptical of minority students' "imagined" campus microaggressions, Micere Keels, a professor of comparative human development, set out to provide a detailed account of how racial-ethnic identity structures Black and Latinx students' college transition experiences. Tracking a cohort of more than five hundred Black and Latinx students since they enrolled at five historically white colleges and universities in the fall of 2013 Campus Counterspaces finds that these students were not asking to be protected from new ideas. Instead, they relished exposure to new ideas, wanted to be intellectually challenged, and wanted to grow. However, Keels argues, they were asking for access to counterspaces—safe spaces that enable radical growth. They wanted counterspaces where they could go beyond basic conversations about whether racism and discrimination still exist. They wanted time in counterspaces with likeminded others where they could simultaneously validate and challenge stereotypical representations of their marginalized identities and develop new counter narratives of those identities. In this critique of how universities have responded to the challenges these students face, Keels offers a way forward that goes beyond making diversity statements to taking diversity actions.
Operationalizing Culturally Relevant Leadership Learning
Author: Cameron Beatty
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781648026584
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 284
Book Description
This book is a practical resource designed to raise leadership educators understanding of culturally relevant leadership pedagogy for the purpose of creating inclusive learning spaces that are socially just for students. For leadership educators seeking personal and professional development to assist in building and enhancing their levels of cultural competence in leadership education, this book is a guide. The audience for the book ranges from new and entry-level leadership educator roles to senior scholars in leadership education. Operationalizing Culturally Relevant Leadership Learning, provides leadership educators with a substantive and comprehensive approach to the topic, offering personal narratives from leadership educators who have operationalized the model in their own personal and professional contexts. We believe that reframing leadership education with the culturally relevant leadership learning model, leadership educators will be able to integrate new insights into their own pedagogy and practice and move towards action. This book illustrates how leadership educators can shift the way they experience and facilitate leadership learning. By framing the operationalization of culturally relevant leadership learning, this book discusses the why, who, what, where, when, and how of developing culturally relevant and socially just leadership education. Readers of this text are encouraged to actively engage in the content through the questions each chapter pose and consider for themselves how culturally relevant leadership learning can be implemented in their own context.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781648026584
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 284
Book Description
This book is a practical resource designed to raise leadership educators understanding of culturally relevant leadership pedagogy for the purpose of creating inclusive learning spaces that are socially just for students. For leadership educators seeking personal and professional development to assist in building and enhancing their levels of cultural competence in leadership education, this book is a guide. The audience for the book ranges from new and entry-level leadership educator roles to senior scholars in leadership education. Operationalizing Culturally Relevant Leadership Learning, provides leadership educators with a substantive and comprehensive approach to the topic, offering personal narratives from leadership educators who have operationalized the model in their own personal and professional contexts. We believe that reframing leadership education with the culturally relevant leadership learning model, leadership educators will be able to integrate new insights into their own pedagogy and practice and move towards action. This book illustrates how leadership educators can shift the way they experience and facilitate leadership learning. By framing the operationalization of culturally relevant leadership learning, this book discusses the why, who, what, where, when, and how of developing culturally relevant and socially just leadership education. Readers of this text are encouraged to actively engage in the content through the questions each chapter pose and consider for themselves how culturally relevant leadership learning can be implemented in their own context.
Black Male(d): Peril and Promise in the Education of African American Males
Author: Tyrone C. Howard
Publisher: Teachers College Press
ISBN: 0807754900
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 209
Book Description
In his new book, the author of the bestseller Why Race and Culture Matter in Schools examines the chronic under-performance of African American males in U.S. schools. Citing a plethora of disturbing academic outcomes for Black males, this book focuses on the historical, structural, educational, psychological, emotional, and cultural factors that influence the teaching and learning process for this student population. Howard discusses the potential, and promise of Black males by highlighting their voices to generate new insights, create new knowledge, and identify useful practices that can significantly improve the schooling experiences and life chances of Black males. Howard calls for a paradigm shift in how we think about, teach, and study Black males. The book: examines current structures, ideologies, and practices that both help and hinder the educational and social prospects of Black males; translates frequently cited theorectical principles into research-based classroom practice; documents teacher-student interactions, student viewpoints, and discusses the troubling role that sports plays in th lives of many Black males; highlights voices and perspectives from Black male students about ways to improve their schooling experiences and outcomes; and identifies community-based programs that are helping Black males succeed.
Publisher: Teachers College Press
ISBN: 0807754900
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 209
Book Description
In his new book, the author of the bestseller Why Race and Culture Matter in Schools examines the chronic under-performance of African American males in U.S. schools. Citing a plethora of disturbing academic outcomes for Black males, this book focuses on the historical, structural, educational, psychological, emotional, and cultural factors that influence the teaching and learning process for this student population. Howard discusses the potential, and promise of Black males by highlighting their voices to generate new insights, create new knowledge, and identify useful practices that can significantly improve the schooling experiences and life chances of Black males. Howard calls for a paradigm shift in how we think about, teach, and study Black males. The book: examines current structures, ideologies, and practices that both help and hinder the educational and social prospects of Black males; translates frequently cited theorectical principles into research-based classroom practice; documents teacher-student interactions, student viewpoints, and discusses the troubling role that sports plays in th lives of many Black males; highlights voices and perspectives from Black male students about ways to improve their schooling experiences and outcomes; and identifies community-based programs that are helping Black males succeed.
Navigating Complexities in Leadership
Author: Kathy L. Guthrie
Publisher: Contemporary Perspectives on Leadership Learning
ISBN: 9781648027888
Category : Educational change
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
Navigating Complexities in Leadership: Moving Towards Critical Hope emerged in response to the confluence of complexities experienced by leadership educators and practitioners amidst global pandemics. It is a guide for those seeking to learn through critical perspectives, and seek more agile, responsive tools for navigating complexity, change, and disruption. The audience for the book ranges from new and entry-level leadership educators to senior scholars in higher education. This book frames leadership learning and development as a process of adaptive action in complex systems. It brings to light patterns of complexity in current times through the lens of educators and practitioners in higher education. Readers are invited to actively engage with the text from an inquiry stance. Through curiosity, shared exploration, self-reflection we hope readers will discover patterns and insight that resonate and challenge their own experiences, find energy to engage the complexities being faced, and build adaptive capacity to live, work, teach, and lead in critical hope and possibility. The book concludes with questions and considerations that allow educators and practitioners to reflect on their own roles and contexts and move towards critical hope in navigating the complexities we will continue to face.
Publisher: Contemporary Perspectives on Leadership Learning
ISBN: 9781648027888
Category : Educational change
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
Navigating Complexities in Leadership: Moving Towards Critical Hope emerged in response to the confluence of complexities experienced by leadership educators and practitioners amidst global pandemics. It is a guide for those seeking to learn through critical perspectives, and seek more agile, responsive tools for navigating complexity, change, and disruption. The audience for the book ranges from new and entry-level leadership educators to senior scholars in higher education. This book frames leadership learning and development as a process of adaptive action in complex systems. It brings to light patterns of complexity in current times through the lens of educators and practitioners in higher education. Readers are invited to actively engage with the text from an inquiry stance. Through curiosity, shared exploration, self-reflection we hope readers will discover patterns and insight that resonate and challenge their own experiences, find energy to engage the complexities being faced, and build adaptive capacity to live, work, teach, and lead in critical hope and possibility. The book concludes with questions and considerations that allow educators and practitioners to reflect on their own roles and contexts and move towards critical hope in navigating the complexities we will continue to face.
Advancing Black Male Student Success from Preschool Through Ph. D
Author: Shaun R. Harper
Publisher: Stylus Publishing (VA)
ISBN: 9781620361832
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Advancing Black Male Student Success From Preschool Through Ph. D. pushes against hopeless notions of Black male student achievement. This book presents a comprehensive portrait of Black male students at every stage in the U.S. education system, from preschool through doctoral degree attainment. Each chapter is a synthesis of existing research on experiences, educational outcomes, and persistent inequities at a particular pipeline point and concludes with forward-thinking recommendations for education policy and practice. In addition to Harper and Wood, the authorship cast includes several scholars who are among the most respected experts on Black boys and men in education.
Publisher: Stylus Publishing (VA)
ISBN: 9781620361832
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Advancing Black Male Student Success From Preschool Through Ph. D. pushes against hopeless notions of Black male student achievement. This book presents a comprehensive portrait of Black male students at every stage in the U.S. education system, from preschool through doctoral degree attainment. Each chapter is a synthesis of existing research on experiences, educational outcomes, and persistent inequities at a particular pipeline point and concludes with forward-thinking recommendations for education policy and practice. In addition to Harper and Wood, the authorship cast includes several scholars who are among the most respected experts on Black boys and men in education.