Embedding Questions

Embedding Questions PDF Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309172659
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 97

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Book Description
Policy makers are caught between two powerful forces in relation to testing in America's schools. One is increased interest on the part of educators, reinforced by federal requirements, in developing tests that accurately reflect local educational standards and goals. The other is a strong push to gather information about the performance of students and schools relative to national and international standards and norms. The difficulty of achieving these two goals simultaneously is exacerbated by both the long-standing American tradition of local control of education and the growing public sentiment that students already take enough tests. Finding a solution to this dilemma has been the focus of numerous debates surrounding the Voluntary National Tests proposed by President Clinton in his 1997 State of the Union address. It was also the topic of a congressionally mandated 1998 National Research Council report (Uncommon Measures: Equivalence and Linkage Among Educational Tests), and was touched upon in a U.S. General Accounting Office report (Student Testing: Issues Related to Voluntary National Mathematics and Reading Tests). More recently, Congress asked the National Research Council to determine the technical feasibility, validity, and reliability of embedding test items from the National Assessment of Educational Progress or other tests in state and district assessments in 4th-grade reading and 8th-grade mathematics for the purpose of developing a valid measure of student achievement within states and districts and in terms of national performance standards or scales. This report is the response to that congressional mandate.

Embedding Questions

Embedding Questions PDF Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309172659
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 97

Get Book Here

Book Description
Policy makers are caught between two powerful forces in relation to testing in America's schools. One is increased interest on the part of educators, reinforced by federal requirements, in developing tests that accurately reflect local educational standards and goals. The other is a strong push to gather information about the performance of students and schools relative to national and international standards and norms. The difficulty of achieving these two goals simultaneously is exacerbated by both the long-standing American tradition of local control of education and the growing public sentiment that students already take enough tests. Finding a solution to this dilemma has been the focus of numerous debates surrounding the Voluntary National Tests proposed by President Clinton in his 1997 State of the Union address. It was also the topic of a congressionally mandated 1998 National Research Council report (Uncommon Measures: Equivalence and Linkage Among Educational Tests), and was touched upon in a U.S. General Accounting Office report (Student Testing: Issues Related to Voluntary National Mathematics and Reading Tests). More recently, Congress asked the National Research Council to determine the technical feasibility, validity, and reliability of embedding test items from the National Assessment of Educational Progress or other tests in state and district assessments in 4th-grade reading and 8th-grade mathematics for the purpose of developing a valid measure of student achievement within states and districts and in terms of national performance standards or scales. This report is the response to that congressional mandate.

Questions and Answers in Embedded Contexts

Questions and Answers in Embedded Contexts PDF Author: Utpal Lahiri
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 9780199246526
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 324

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Book Description
Linguists have realized for some time that predicates of the "know" and "wonder" classes behave differently in semantic terms with respect to their interrogative complements, but have not so far fully understood how or why. This book seeks to explore and to provide solutions to this and to related problems in explaining the meaning and grammar of embedded interrogatives and the predicates that take interrogative complements (indirect questions and how they are answered).

Questions

Questions PDF Author: Veneeta Dayal
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 019166703X
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 352

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Book Description
This book synthesizes and integrates 40 years of research on the semantics of questions, and its interface with pragmatics and syntax, conducted within the formal semantics tradition. A wide range of topics are covered, including weak-strong exhaustiveness, maximality, functional answers, single-multiple-trapped list answers, embedding predicates, quantificational variability, concealed questions, weak islands, polar and alternative questions, negative polarity, and non-canonical questions. The literature on this rich set of topics, theoretically diverse and scattered across multiple venues, is often hard to assimilate. Veneeta Dayal, drawing on her own research, brings them together for the first time in a coherent, concise, and well-structured whole. Each chapter begins with a non-technical introduction to the issues discussed; semantically sophisticated accounts are then presented incrementally, with the major points summarized at the end of each section. Written in an accessible style, this book provides both a guide to one of the most vibrant areas of research in natural language and an account of how this area of study is developing. It will be a unique resource for the novice and expert alike, and seeks to appeal to a variety of readers without compromising depth and breadth of coverage.

Constituent Questions

Constituent Questions PDF Author: E. Engdahl
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400953232
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 360

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Book Description


Making Embedded Systems

Making Embedded Systems PDF Author: Elecia White
Publisher: "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
ISBN: 1449320589
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 329

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Book Description
Interested in developing embedded systems? Since they donâ??t tolerate inefficiency, these systems require a disciplined approach to programming. This easy-to-read guide helps you cultivate a host of good development practices, based on classic software design patterns and new patterns unique to embedded programming. Learn how to build system architecture for processors, not operating systems, and discover specific techniques for dealing with hardware difficulties and manufacturing requirements. Written by an expert whoâ??s created embedded systems ranging from urban surveillance and DNA scanners to childrenâ??s toys, this book is ideal for intermediate and experienced programmers, no matter what platform you use. Optimize your system to reduce cost and increase performance Develop an architecture that makes your software robust in resource-constrained environments Explore sensors, motors, and other I/O devices Do more with less: reduce RAM consumption, code space, processor cycles, and power consumption Learn how to update embedded code directly in the processor Discover how to implement complex mathematics on small processors Understand what interviewers look for when you apply for an embedded systems job "Making Embedded Systems is the book for a C programmer who wants to enter the fun (and lucrative) world of embedded systems. Itâ??s very well writtenâ??entertaining, evenâ??and filled with clear illustrations." â??Jack Ganssle, author and embedded system expert.

Question Answering for the Curated Web

Question Answering for the Curated Web PDF Author: Rishiraj Saha Roy
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031795121
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 172

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Book Description
Question answering (QA) systems on the Web try to provide crisp answers to information needs posed in natural language, replacing the traditional ranked list of documents. QA, posing a multitude of research challenges, has emerged as one of the most actively investigated topics in information retrieval, natural language processing, and the artificial intelligence communities today. The flip side of such diverse and active interest is that publications are highly fragmented across several venues in the above communities, making it very difficult for new entrants to the field to get a good overview of the topic. Through this book, we make an attempt towards mitigating the above problem by providing an overview of the state-of-the-art in question answering. We cover the twin paradigms of curated Web sources used in QA tasks ‒ trusted text collections like Wikipedia, and objective information distilled into large-scale knowledge bases. We discuss distinct methodologies that have been applied to solve the QA problem in both these paradigms, using instantiations of recent systems for illustration. We begin with an overview of the problem setup and evaluation, cover notable sub-topics like open-domain, multi-hop, and conversational QA in depth, and conclude with key insights and emerging topics. We believe that this resource is a valuable contribution towards a unified view on QA, helping graduate students and researchers planning to work on this topic in the near future.

Know How

Know How PDF Author: Jason Stanley
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0199695369
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 214

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Book Description
Jason Stanley presents a powerful new account of how we acquire knowledge. He argues for the surprising thesis that practical knowledge is a kind of theoretical knowledge: that knowing how to do something amounts to knowing a truth about the world. It is our success as inquirers that explains our capacity for skilful engagement with the world.

International Conference on Neural Computing for Advanced Applications

International Conference on Neural Computing for Advanced Applications PDF Author: Haijun Zhang
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9819958474
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 627

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Book Description
The two-volume set CCIS 1869 and 1870 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Neural Computing for Advanced Applications, NCAA 2023, held in Hefei, China, in July 2023. The 83 full papers and 1 short paper presented in these proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected from 211 submissions. The papers have been organized in the following topical sections: Neural network (NN) theory, NN-based control systems, neuro-system integration and engineering applications; Machine learning and deep learning for data mining and data-driven applications; Computational intelligence, nature-inspired optimizers, and their engineering applications; Deep learning-driven pattern recognition, computer vision and its industrial applications; Natural language processing, knowledge graphs, recommender systems, and their applications; Neural computing-based fault diagnosis and forecasting, prognostic management, and cyber-physical system security; Sequence learning for spreading dynamics, forecasting, and intelligent techniques against epidemic spreading (2); Applications of Data Mining, Machine Learning and Neural Computing in Language Studies; Computational intelligent Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control, and Their Engineering Applications; and Other Neural computing-related topics.

Artificial Intelligence Logic and Applications

Artificial Intelligence Logic and Applications PDF Author: Songmao Zhang
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9819978696
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 459

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Book Description
This book constitutes the proceedings of the Third International Conference, AILA 2023, held in Changchun, China, during August 5–6, 2023. The 26 full papers and the 10 short papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 56 submissions. This volume aims to provide novel ideas, original research achievements, and practical experiences in a broad range of artificial intelligence logic and applications.

Advances in Machine Learning and Computational Intelligence

Advances in Machine Learning and Computational Intelligence PDF Author: Srikanta Patnaik
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811552436
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 853

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Book Description
This book gathers selected high-quality papers presented at the International Conference on Machine Learning and Computational Intelligence (ICMLCI-2019), jointly organized by Kunming University of Science and Technology and the Interscience Research Network, Bhubaneswar, India, from April 6 to 7, 2019. Addressing virtually all aspects of intelligent systems, soft computing and machine learning, the topics covered include: prediction; data mining; information retrieval; game playing; robotics; learning methods; pattern visualization; automated knowledge acquisition; fuzzy, stochastic and probabilistic computing; neural computing; big data; social networks and applications of soft computing in various areas.