Author: Refik Erzan
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Acuerdo multifibras
Languages : en
Pages : 55
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Book Description
Rather than ease up, the MFA has been getting tougher on most developing country exporters of textiles and clothing. Trade gains for new exporters (except for marginal suppliers) due to MFA have been exaggerated; main beneficiaries were the domestic producers in industrial countries.
Author: Junʼichi Gotō
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 6092706334
Category : Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles
Languages : en
Pages : 47
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Book Description
The Multifibre Arrangement (MFA), the most important restriction on textile and clothing exports, has damaging effects on many less developed countries, both in the short and long run.
Author: Junichi Goto
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles (1973)
Languages : en
Pages : 42
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Author: W. J. Martin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Author: Carl Hamilton
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles
Languages : en
Pages : 324
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Book Description
The papers contained in this volume deal with two central issues. The first is the positive question of the effects of the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) on developing countries. The second is the normative question of how to phase out the MFA and integrate textiles and clothing trade in the normal GATT rules in the context of the current Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations. The major effects of the MFA considered are the direct, trade-restricting effects of the bilateral quotas, their effects on prices of textiles and clothing in restricted and unrestricted markets, and hence on national and global welfare; the effects on fiber trade; the various inefficiencies introduced by the MFA and its administration; and finally, the implications of the arrangement for growth in the developing economies. These effects are discussed at a general level in the first part of this report. The second part contains a discussion of the effects of the MFA on particular countries. In considering the options for reforming the MFA, it was recognized that the successive arrangements reflected the pressures placed on governments by powerful interest groups, and that these pressures had to be taken into account in formulating proposals for policy reform. In this context a wide range of reform proposals was considered.
Author: Yongzheng Yang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : China
Languages : en
Pages : 263
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Author: Anika Chowdhury
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Clothing trade
Languages : en
Pages : 146
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Author: Gladys Lopez-Acevedo
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821389734
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 535
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Book Description
The end of the MFA was followed by rising apparel exports, falling prices, and a reallocation of production and employment between countries. There were also significant changes within countries. The first main finding of this report is that export and employment patterns after the MFA/ATC did not necessarily match predictions. While many predicted that production would shift to low-wage countries, this book shows that only 13 percent of variation in export changes post-MFA can be explained by the differences in wage levels. Second, changes in exports are usually, but not always, good indicators of what happens to wages and employment within countries. This is especially important for policy because it shows that simply using exports as a metric of 'success' in terms of helping the poor is not sufficient. Third, the Book identifies the specific ways that changes in the global apparel market affected earnings. The Book shows that wage premiums change in predictable ways: rising (in most cases) in countries that were proactive in adapting to the MFA phase-out and expanded their market shares, and falling in countries that failed to respond in a timely fashion to the changing environment. The Book shows that promoting 'upgrading' (defined as shifting to higher-value goods, shifting up the value chain, or 'modernizing' production techniques) seems to be necessary for sustainable competitiveness in the apparel sector but does not necessarily help the poor. Policies that support upgrading need to be complemented with targeted workforce development to make sure that the most vulnerable workers are not left behind. Having a vision for the evolution of the apparel sector that incorporates developing worker skills seems crucial. Otherwise, less-skilled workers could miss out on opportunities to gain valuable work experience in manufacturing.
Author: Giorgio Barba Navaretti
Publisher: OECD
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 262
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Author: European Movement. Irish Council
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 55
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