Effect of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field on the Propagation of Cosmic Rays PDF Download
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Author: Kenneth G. McCracken
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 16
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Book Description
This report presents a study of cosmic-ray propagation in the interplanetary magnetic field using spacecraft and neutron monitor data. Improved methods have been developed for mapping cosmic ray flux as a function of direction and time. This cosmic-ray mapping technique made possible a detailed study of the Forbush decrease observed on January 20, 1966. Using numerical filtration techniques developed for the purpose, demi-diurnal and dirunal components of cosmic radiation were studied. Two distinctly different anisotropies were identified in the course of studying the interrelationship of cosmic ray anistropy and the interplanetary magnetic field. One anisotropy is due to convective removal of cosmic radiation from the solar system by the radial flow of the solar wind. The other is due to diffusion of the cosmic radiation parallel to the lines of force of the interplanetary magnetic field. Temporal variability of Pioneer VII data during high counting rate periods has been studied. Study of some five days of data indicates continuous fluctuation of the cosmic radiation flux, with periods as short as five minutes occurring frequenctly. No diminution of fluctuation amplitude with time was observed. (Author).
Author: Kenneth G. McCracken
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 16
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Book Description
This report presents a study of cosmic-ray propagation in the interplanetary magnetic field using spacecraft and neutron monitor data. Improved methods have been developed for mapping cosmic ray flux as a function of direction and time. This cosmic-ray mapping technique made possible a detailed study of the Forbush decrease observed on January 20, 1966. Using numerical filtration techniques developed for the purpose, demi-diurnal and dirunal components of cosmic radiation were studied. Two distinctly different anisotropies were identified in the course of studying the interrelationship of cosmic ray anistropy and the interplanetary magnetic field. One anisotropy is due to convective removal of cosmic radiation from the solar system by the radial flow of the solar wind. The other is due to diffusion of the cosmic radiation parallel to the lines of force of the interplanetary magnetic field. Temporal variability of Pioneer VII data during high counting rate periods has been studied. Study of some five days of data indicates continuous fluctuation of the cosmic radiation flux, with periods as short as five minutes occurring frequenctly. No diminution of fluctuation amplitude with time was observed. (Author).
Author: I.N. Toptygin
Publisher: Springer
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 400
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Book Description
Fast particles of natural or1g1n (cosmic rays) have been used for a long time as an important source of astrophysical and geophysical information. A study of cosmic ray spectra, time variations, abundances, gradients, and anisotropy provides a wealth of data on physical conditions in the regions of cosmic ray generation as well as in the media through which cosmic rays propagate. Astrophysical aspects of cosmic ray physics have been considered in a number of monograpqs. The most detailed seems to be "The Origin of Cosmic Rays" by V. L. Ginzburg and S. 1. Syrovatskij (1964) which is, however, concerned mainly with galactic cosmic rays. The physics of the circumsolar space is discussed in this book only rather briefly. Several other monographs have been devoted mostly to the physics of the interplanetary medium and cosmic rays in interplanetary space. These include the books by Dorman (1963, 1975a, b), Parker (1963), Dorman and Miroshnichenko (1968). The present monograph differs from the above mentioned books in two main aspects: (i) It presents a unified theoretical approach to analys{ng the properties of fast particles in interplanetary space, based upon consideration of cosmic rays as a highly energetic component of the interplane~ary plasma, which makes use of the plasma physics methods to describe the behaviour of cosmic rays.
Author: I.N. Toptygin
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400952570
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 388
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Book Description
Fast particles of natural or1g1n (cosmic rays) have been used for a long time as an important source of astrophysical and geophysical information. A study of cosmic ray spectra, time variations, abundances, gradients, and anisotropy provides a wealth of data on physical conditions in the regions of cosmic ray generation as well as in the media through which cosmic rays propagate. Astrophysical aspects of cosmic ray physics have been considered in a number of monograpqs. The most detailed seems to be "The Origin of Cosmic Rays" by V. L. Ginzburg and S. 1. Syrovatskij (1964) which is, however, concerned mainly with galactic cosmic rays. The physics of the circumsolar space is discussed in this book only rather briefly. Several other monographs have been devoted mostly to the physics of the interplanetary medium and cosmic rays in interplanetary space. These include the books by Dorman (1963, 1975a, b), Parker (1963), Dorman and Miroshnichenko (1968). The present monograph differs from the above mentioned books in two main aspects: (i) It presents a unified theoretical approach to analys{ng the properties of fast particles in interplanetary space, based upon consideration of cosmic rays as a highly energetic component of the interplane~ary plasma, which makes use of the plasma physics methods to describe the behaviour of cosmic rays.
Author: Lev Dorman
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402092393
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 770
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Book Description
The problem of cosmic ray (CR) geomagnetic effects came to the fore at the beg- ning of the 1930s after the famous expeditions by J. Clay onboard ship (Slamat) between the Netherlands and Java using an ionization chamber. Many CR la- tude expeditions were organized by the famous scientists and Nobel Laureates R. Millikan and A. Compton. From the obtained latitude curves it follows that CRs cannot be gamma rays (as many scientists thought at that time), but must be charged particles. From measurements of azimuthally geomagnetic effect at that time it also followed that these charged particles must be mostly positive (see Chapter 1, and for more details on the history of the problem see monographs of Irina Dorman, M1981, M1989). The ?rst explanations of obtained results were based on the simple dipole - proximation of the geomagnetic ?eld and the theory of energetic charged particles moving in dipole magnetic ?elds, developed in 1907 by C. Stormer ̈ to explain the aurora phenomenon. Let us note that it was made about 5 years before V. Hess discovered CRs, and received the Nobel Prize in 1936 together with K. Anderson (for the discovery of CR and positrons in CR).
Author: Gerd Wibberenz
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 140
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Book Description
Author: J.W. Bieber
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401711879
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 405
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Book Description
The year 1998 marked the 50th anniversary of the invention of the neutron monitor, a key research tool in the field of space physics and solar-terrestrial relations. In honor of this occasion a workshop entitled 'Cosmic Rays and Earth' was organized to review the detection of cosmic rays at the surface and in the lower atmosphere of Earth, including the effect that this radiation has on the terrestrial environment. A special focus was the role of neutron monitors in the investigation of this radiation, on the science enabled by the unique dataset of the worldwide network of neutron monitors, and on continuing opportunities to use these data to solve outstanding problems. This book is the principal product of that workshop, integrating the contribu tions of all participants. Following a general summary of the workshop prepared by the editors, the volume leads off with a keynote article by Professor John Simpson describing his invention of the neutron monitor in 1948 and the early scientific discoveries made with this instrument.
Author: David Peter Stern
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cosmic rays
Languages : en
Pages : 24
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Book Description
Author: Charles E. Swenberg
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461529166
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 938
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Book Description
Space missions subject human beings or any other target of a spacecraft to a radiation environment of an intensity and composition not available on earth. Whereas for missions in low earth orbit (LEO), such as those using the Space Shuttle or Space Station scenario, radiation exposure guidelines have been developed and have been adopted by spacefaring agencies, for exploratory class missions that will take the space travellers outside the protective confines of the geomagnetic field sufficient guidelines for radiation protection are still outstanding. For a piloted Mars mission, the whole concept of radiation protection needs to be reconsidered. Since there is an increasing interest of many nations and space agencies in establishing a lunar base and lor exploring Mars by manned missions, it is both, timely and important to develop appropriate risk estimates and radiation protection guidelines which will have an influence on the design and structure of space vehicles and habitation areas of the extraterrestrial settlements. This book is the result of a multidisciplinary effort to assess the state of art in our knowledge on the radiation situation during deep space missions and on the impact of this complex radiation environment on the space traveller. It comprises the lectures by the faculty members as well as short contributions by the students given at the NATO Advanced Study Institute "Biological Effects and Physics of Solar and Galactic Cosmic Radiation" held in Armacao de Pera, Portugal, 12-23 October, 1991.
Author: Erwin O. Flückiger
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cosmic rays
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
Up to now, most studies were carried out assuming azimuthally symmetric currents, neglecting the well established longitudinal asymmetry in the geomagnetic disturbance at low- and mid-latitudes during magnetic storms. The asymmetric perturbations superposed upon a symmetric field depression has been attributed by several authors to a a longitudinally limited, partial ring current with field aligned closure through the auroral ionosphere (Cummings; Fukushima and Kamide; and references therein). It has been the objective of the research covered by this report to study the effects of such magnetospheric current systems on the propagation of cosmic ray particles through the domain of the earth's magnetosphere. The corresponding results were expected to demonstrate the significance of cosmic ray measurements as an additional tool for magnetospheric studies, especially in modeling the disturbed magnetic field in the magnetosphere. In this report, first the approach to the problem is reviewed in Section 2, and examples of the basic tools needed in the procedure are illustrated in Section 3. Then, in Section 4, the results of a simple study correlating local perturbations in the geomagnetic field with cosmic ray cutoff rigidity variations are discussed. Section 5 contains a summary of a detailed quantitative analysis on the effects of a partial ring current and of field-aligned currents on both cutoff rigidities and asymptotic directions in different latitude regions. In conclusions, the significance of the results obtained in the entire study is discussed in Section 6 for both magnetospheric and cosmic ray research.
Author: L.I. Miroshnichenko
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401596468
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 489
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Book Description
It turned out to be really a rare and happy occasion that we know exact1y when and how a new branch of space physics was born, namely, a physics of solar cosmic rays. It happened on February 28 and March 7, 1942 when the fIrst "cosmic ray bursts" were recorded on the Earth, and the Sun was unambiguously identifIed for the fIrst time as the source of high-velocity 10 particles with energies up to > 10 eV. Just due to such a high energy these relativistic particles have been called "solar cosmic rays" (SCR), in distinction from the "true" cosmic rays of galactic origin. Between 1942 and the beginning ofthe space era in 1957 only extremely high energy solar particle events could be occasionally recorded by cosmic ray ground-Ievel detectors and balloon borne sensors. Since then the detection techniques varied considerably and the study of SCR turned into essential part of solar and solar-terrestrial physics.
