Effect of Relative Maturity on Soybean Yield and Cover Crop Biomass Evaluation Methods PDF Download
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Author: Wayde Looker
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Energy crops
Languages : en
Pages : 79
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Book Description
Ohio contains many acres of continuous soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production that may benefit from the incorporation of a fall-planted cover crop. Timely planting is extremely important when establishing a fall-planted cover crop. To ensure that cover crops are planted in a timely manner, soybean varieties with an earlier relative maturity may be planted so that soybeans are harvested earlier in the fall allowing for more timely cover crop planting. However, soybean relative maturity also impacts soybean grain yield, with earlier maturing varieties yielding less compared to later maturing varieties. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationship between relative maturity and grain yield, plant height, seed protein content, seed oil content and number of days to anthesis and physiological maturity. This study was completed during 2017 and 2018 at the Northwest Agricultural Research Station (NWARS) in Custar, Ohio, and the Western Agricultural Research Station (WARS) in South Charleston, Ohio. Grain yield, plant height, maturity date, and grain protein and oil concentration were measured. All measurements were taken just prior to or at harvest when grain was near 13% moisture content. Soybean yields plateaued at a 2.9 maturity at NWARS and 3.2 maturity at WARS. It was also determined that the earliest maturities reached the R8 growth stage approximately one month before the latest maturities (29.9 days at NWARS and 36.5 days at WARS) while the difference was about 10 days for R1 (8.7 days at NWARS and 12 days at WARS). Plant height held a linear relationship to relative maturity and increased as relative maturity increased. Seed protein content and seed oil content also held a linear relationship to relative maturity. Biomass accumulation is a useful way to measure the amount of vegetative growth produced by a cereal rye and oat cover crop. However, biomass measurements can be slow and labor intensive and a faster method may be available to estimate the accumulated biomass. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), fractional green canopy cover (FGCC), and biomass of a cereal rye and oat cover crop. This study was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at WARS and NWARS using a split plot randomized complete block design with four replications of treatments. The main plot factor was four cover crop planting dates (late September to late October) and the sub-plot factor was two cover crop termination dates (late April and early May). Normalized difference vegetation index measurements, FGCC measurements, and biomass samples were collected in the fall and spring at each location. The results showed a quadratic relationship between both NDVI and FGCC to the biomass of the cereal rye and oat cover crop. However, the adjusted R2 value and the RMSE of the FGCC was greater, suggesting that the FGCC was a better indicator of biomass compared to NDVI.
Author: Wayde Looker
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Energy crops
Languages : en
Pages : 79
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Book Description
Ohio contains many acres of continuous soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production that may benefit from the incorporation of a fall-planted cover crop. Timely planting is extremely important when establishing a fall-planted cover crop. To ensure that cover crops are planted in a timely manner, soybean varieties with an earlier relative maturity may be planted so that soybeans are harvested earlier in the fall allowing for more timely cover crop planting. However, soybean relative maturity also impacts soybean grain yield, with earlier maturing varieties yielding less compared to later maturing varieties. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationship between relative maturity and grain yield, plant height, seed protein content, seed oil content and number of days to anthesis and physiological maturity. This study was completed during 2017 and 2018 at the Northwest Agricultural Research Station (NWARS) in Custar, Ohio, and the Western Agricultural Research Station (WARS) in South Charleston, Ohio. Grain yield, plant height, maturity date, and grain protein and oil concentration were measured. All measurements were taken just prior to or at harvest when grain was near 13% moisture content. Soybean yields plateaued at a 2.9 maturity at NWARS and 3.2 maturity at WARS. It was also determined that the earliest maturities reached the R8 growth stage approximately one month before the latest maturities (29.9 days at NWARS and 36.5 days at WARS) while the difference was about 10 days for R1 (8.7 days at NWARS and 12 days at WARS). Plant height held a linear relationship to relative maturity and increased as relative maturity increased. Seed protein content and seed oil content also held a linear relationship to relative maturity. Biomass accumulation is a useful way to measure the amount of vegetative growth produced by a cereal rye and oat cover crop. However, biomass measurements can be slow and labor intensive and a faster method may be available to estimate the accumulated biomass. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), fractional green canopy cover (FGCC), and biomass of a cereal rye and oat cover crop. This study was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at WARS and NWARS using a split plot randomized complete block design with four replications of treatments. The main plot factor was four cover crop planting dates (late September to late October) and the sub-plot factor was two cover crop termination dates (late April and early May). Normalized difference vegetation index measurements, FGCC measurements, and biomass samples were collected in the fall and spring at each location. The results showed a quadratic relationship between both NDVI and FGCC to the biomass of the cereal rye and oat cover crop. However, the adjusted R2 value and the RMSE of the FGCC was greater, suggesting that the FGCC was a better indicator of biomass compared to NDVI.
Author: Joshua S. Wehrbein
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Corn
Languages : en
Pages : 151
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Book Description
Cover crops have potential to provide benefits to agricultural systems, such as improved soil productivity, nutrient scavenging, weed suppression, and livestock forage. There are several challenges associated with cover crop integration into traditional Midwest corn-soybean cropping systems. One of these challenges is timely establishment in the fall, which is limited by the relatively late harvest of corn and soybean. Cover crop effectiveness is related to the amount of biomass produced, thus maximizing the growth period in the fall is desired. To address this challenge, we evaluated the potential to utilize early-season soybean maturity groups (MGs) to allow for earlier soybean harvest and cover crop planting to maximize cover crop growth. In addition, an integrated cover crop and herbicide management program was evaluated to determine its effect on weed suppression and corn yield. Cover crops have often been shown to be most effective when integrated with other methods of weed management such as herbicides. Cover crops have also been shown to potentially reduce subsequent corn yield. Therefore, we evaluated the influence of cover crop planting date, termination date, and herbicide program on weed density, weed biomass, and subsequent corn yield. Field experiments were conducted in 2017-2019 across six different locations in Nebraska, Ohio, and Kentucky. Results suggest use of early-season soybean MGs allow cover crops to be planted up to 30 days sooner than late-season MGs. Cover crop biomass production was highest for early cover crop planting dates associated with early-season MGs across most site-years evaluated. Soybean yield often plateaued near a 3.0 relative maturity (RM) depending on the region, suggesting that soybean RM may be reduced to 3.0 to allow for earlier cover crop planting without sacrificing soybean yield. Results further suggest that use of a residual herbicide with a postemergence herbicide was necessary to obtain the largest reduction in both weed density and biomass. Weed biomass was occasionally reduced by the cover crop, however, results were inconsistent. Cover crops generally had minimal influence on overall weed suppression, and occasionally resulted in corn yield reduction, indicating the importance of other traditional methods of weed management. Abbreviations: MG, maturity group; RM, relative maturity.
Author: Angela M. Bastidas
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780355684018
Category : Corn
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Fall-seeded cover crops are limited by the short growing season remaining between harvest and planting the succeeding crop. To address this challenge, we considered two alternative systems for introducing cover crops into corn (Zea mays L.)- soybean (Glycine max L.) cropping systems. The first alternative was to interseed the cover crops species with corn at specific developmental stages. We evaluated the effect on corn, cover crop biomass, and the subsequent soybean crop. No detrimental effects on corn were found when cover crops were interseeded at or after corn canopy closure due to the limited cover crop biomass produced during the growing season. However, corn was negatively affected with cover crops interseed at corn planting. Cover crops interseeded at canopy closure did not establish due to corn canopy shading. Cover crops interseeded at or after R5 (dent) produced greater biomass the following spring than in the fall, and cover crops interseeded at R5 and R6 (physiological maturity) produced greater biomass than cover crops interseeded at corn harvest. This indicated that the interseeding by broadcasting cover crops can be successful for improving biomass production. The second alternative was to modify corn management practices such as planting date, plant population, and comparative corn relative maturity (CRM) to allow earlier cover crop seeding dates. We attempted to understand the impact on corn yield, cover crop biomass production, and the subsequent soybean crop. Early- and early-to-medium-maturity hybrids allowed corn harvest about one month earlier and medium-maturity hybrids about 15 d earlier than late-maturity hybrids. No differences in corn yield were observed between the medium- and late-maturity hybrids planted at the earlier planting date, with a 107 CRM hybrid planted early having the highest yield of 16.0 Mg ha-1. The greatest cover crop biomass production occurred with the earliest cover crop planting date. Cover crop biomass increased with air temperature, which was measured with growing degree days (GDDC). This indicates that changes in planting date and corn CRM hybrids are important to increase the potential for use of cover crops. The subsequent soybean yield was not affected by cover crops in either alternative.
Author: Andy Clark
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1437903797
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 248
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Book Description
Cover crops slow erosion, improve soil, smother weeds, enhance nutrient and moisture availability, help control many pests and bring a host of other benefits to your farm. At the same time, they can reduce costs, increase profits and even create new sources of income. You¿ll reap dividends on your cover crop investments for years, since their benefits accumulate over the long term. This book will help you find which ones are right for you. Captures farmer and other research results from the past ten years. The authors verified the info. from the 2nd ed., added new results and updated farmer profiles and research data, and added 2 chap. Includes maps and charts, detailed narratives about individual cover crop species, and chap. about aspects of cover cropping.
Author: Carrie Catherine Ortel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Crop rotation
Languages : en
Pages : 208
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Book Description
Little is known about the effects of soybean (Glycine max L.) management techniques on soil-nitrogen (N) credit development and its impact on the subsequent rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop's success. This study was conducted to determine how soybean maturity group (MG) and planting date effect overall soybean productivity and its influence on the following rice crop. Various soybean planting dates (optimum and late) and MGs (3.5, 4.7, 5.4, and 5.6) were grown and followed in rotation with a rice crop. Six rates of pre-flood fertilizer-N (0, 44, 89, 134, 179, 224 kg N ha-1) were applied to the rice crop. Soybean grain yield was significantly different amongst MGs in both 2016 (P = 0.0012) and 2017 (P = 0.0004), with the 4.7 relative MG consistently yielding the highest. Soybean total N uptake (TNU) increased with increasing grain yield (P = 0.0167) when all site years were analyzed together. The net N returned to the soil through biomass residue was not significantly influenced by planting date (P = 0.7796) or MG (P = 0.3475).The rice grown in clay soil produced a higher grain yield when following a 5.4 MG soybean (P
Author: Barry Glaz
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0891183590
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 672
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Book Description
Better experimental design and statistical analysis make for more robust science. A thorough understanding of modern statistical methods can mean the difference between discovering and missing crucial results and conclusions in your research, and can shape the course of your entire research career. With Applied Statistics, Barry Glaz and Kathleen M. Yeater have worked with a team of expert authors to create a comprehensive text for graduate students and practicing scientists in the agricultural, biological, and environmental sciences. The contributors cover fundamental concepts and methodologies of experimental design and analysis, and also delve into advanced statistical topics, all explored by analyzing real agronomic data with practical and creative approaches using available software tools. IN PRESS! This book is being published according to the “Just Published” model, with more chapters to be published online as they are completed.
Author: Carl H. Hovermale
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Soybean
Languages : en
Pages : 4
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Book Description
Author: A.G. Norman
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323158757
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 263
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Book Description
Soybean Physiology, Agronomy, and Utilization attempts to cover and treat in logical sequence the factors that contribute to the potential and versatility of soybeans. The soybean is a major crop plant in the United States. Based on the utilization of the bean, or products therefrom, a substantial soybean industry has also developed. Its uses, agricultural and industrial, primarily depend on the high content of both protein (ca. 40%) and oil (ca. 20%) in the bean. The book begins by discussing soybean production in the United States and worldwide; the uses and economics of soybean products; and the soybean in physiological research. It explains the growth and development of soybeans. It discusses the physiological processes responsible for assimilating the plant body from the environment, namely photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and nitrate reduction. Subsequent chapters examine the impact of environmental variables—such as light, temperature, water, wind, and pests—on soybean plant characteristics as well as soybean breeding, production, processing, and utilization.
Author: Fengxia Dong
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Besides a variety of production and environmental benefits, cover cropping has been advocated as a mean to increase resilience to drought. We explored factors influencing farmer's adoption of cover crops and examined the effects of cover crops on soybean yield and its risk using USDA's 2018 ARMS Phase II Soybean Production Practices and Costs Report and Phase III Soybean Costs and Returns Report. Incorporating drought occurrence in current year and previous 5 years into our analysis, we find that previous occurrence of drought did not affect farmers' adoption of cover crops and the effects of cover crops on yield and its risk are mixed. Under a drought condition, cover crops reduced soybean yield and increased yield variation; but in the meantime, they reduced the risk of crop failure, or made yield less negatively skewed. The insignificant effect of previous drought on cover crop adoption and the mixture of positive and negative effects of cover crops on yield and its risk imply that farmers are divided in their acceptance of cover crops as a mean to build resilience to drought.
Author: Minobu Kasai
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1789853737
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 192
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Book Description
Plants are important for a permanent ecosystem, because in the ecological pyramid plants support all the other living organisms at the base. Very important organization is thought to be the integral process of resource, transport, partitioning, metabolism, and production, which involves yield, biomass, and productivity in plants. Accordingly, it is important to obtain more information about the knowledge concerning yield, biomass, and productivity in plants. Soybean is one of the main crops largely contributing to our life, which is thought to be connected to our ecosystem through the above-mentioned integral process. This book focuses on the soybean, and reviews and research concerning the yield, biomass, and productivity of soybean are presented herein. This text updates the book published in 2017. Although there are many difficulties, the main aim of this book is to present a basis for the above-mentioned integral processes of resource, transport, partitioning, metabolism, and production, which involves yield, biomass, and productivity in plants (soybean), and to understand what supports this basis and the integral process. It is hoped that this and the preceding book will be essential reads.
