Ecophysiology and responses to drought of three conifer species (Abies alba Miller, Picea abies (L.) Karsten and Pinus sylvestris L.) at seedling, sapling and adult stages PDF Download
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Author: Ping Lu
Publisher: Ping LU
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : fr
Pages : 200
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Book Description
Après une recherche bibliographique sur le fonctionnement hydrique et la mesure des flux liquides chez les arbres, sont présentés les résultats obtenus sur des semis, des jeunes plants et des arbres adultes de trois espèces de conifères, en conditions contrôlées et naturelles. En conditions contrôlées, le fonctionnement hydrique des trois espèces à deux âges différents, semis et jeunes plants, a été comparé. Chez les semis, le sapin montre une régulation stomatique moins importante en conditions de dessèchement du sol. Chez les jeunes plants, les différences entre espèces ne sont pas significatives. Le passage du stade semis au stade jeune plant augmente les taux d'échanges gazeux chez les épicéas et les pins, alors que l'inverse est observé chez les sapins. Les expérimentations sur des épicéas adultes ont été réalisées dans une pessière dépérissante, dans les Vosges, en altitude. Un ensemble important de méthodologies a permis de donner une bonne caractérisation du fonctionnement hydrique des arbres, tant à l'échelle de la journée que à celle de la saison de végétation. La transpiration et la conductance stomatique commencent à diminuer dès le début de la sécheresse édaphique, et elles s'annulent presque à un potentiel de base proche de −1,2 MPa. Un résultat important concerne l'analyse des variations de la conductance hydraulique des arbres soumis à un dessèchement du sol. La diminution de la conductance hydraulique totale des arbres est due aux modifications des propriétés hydrauliques à l'interface sol-racines, tout au moins jusqu'à des dessèchements moyens (potentiel de base supérieur à −1.5 MPa). Les effets de l'embolie du xylème étaient négligeables
Author: Ping Lu
Publisher: Ping LU
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : fr
Pages : 200
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Book Description
Après une recherche bibliographique sur le fonctionnement hydrique et la mesure des flux liquides chez les arbres, sont présentés les résultats obtenus sur des semis, des jeunes plants et des arbres adultes de trois espèces de conifères, en conditions contrôlées et naturelles. En conditions contrôlées, le fonctionnement hydrique des trois espèces à deux âges différents, semis et jeunes plants, a été comparé. Chez les semis, le sapin montre une régulation stomatique moins importante en conditions de dessèchement du sol. Chez les jeunes plants, les différences entre espèces ne sont pas significatives. Le passage du stade semis au stade jeune plant augmente les taux d'échanges gazeux chez les épicéas et les pins, alors que l'inverse est observé chez les sapins. Les expérimentations sur des épicéas adultes ont été réalisées dans une pessière dépérissante, dans les Vosges, en altitude. Un ensemble important de méthodologies a permis de donner une bonne caractérisation du fonctionnement hydrique des arbres, tant à l'échelle de la journée que à celle de la saison de végétation. La transpiration et la conductance stomatique commencent à diminuer dès le début de la sécheresse édaphique, et elles s'annulent presque à un potentiel de base proche de −1,2 MPa. Un résultat important concerne l'analyse des variations de la conductance hydraulique des arbres soumis à un dessèchement du sol. La diminution de la conductance hydraulique totale des arbres est due aux modifications des propriétés hydrauliques à l'interface sol-racines, tout au moins jusqu'à des dessèchements moyens (potentiel de base supérieur à −1.5 MPa). Les effets de l'embolie du xylème étaient négligeables
Author: Michael Tausz
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9401791007
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 293
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Book Description
This book delivers current state-of-the-science knowledge of tree ecophysiology, with particular emphasis on adaptation to a novel future physical and chemical environment. Unlike the focus of most books on the topic, this considers air chemistry changes (O3, NOx, and N deposition) in addition to elevated CO2 effects and its secondary effects of elevated temperature. The authors have addressed two systems essential for plant life: water handling capacity from the perspective of water transport; the coupling of xylem and phloem water potential and flow; water and nutrition uptake via likely changes in mycorrhizal relationships; control of water loss via stomata and its retention via cellular regulation; and within plant carbon dynamics from the perspective of environmental limitations to growth, allocation to defences, and changes in partitioning to respiration. The authors offer expert knowledge and insight to develop likely outcomes within the context of many unknowns. We offer this comprehensive analysis of tree responses and their capacity to respond to environmental changes to provide a better insight in understanding likelihood for survival, as well as planning for the future with long-lived, stationary organisms adapted to the past: trees.
Author: Xenia Hao-Yi Yeoh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Abstract: The major threats to the sustainable supply of forest tree products are adverse climate, pests and diseases. Climate change, exemplified by increased drought, poses a unique threat to global forest health. This is attributed to the unpredictable behavior of forest pathosystems, which can favor fungal pathogens over the host under persistent drought stress conditions in the future. Currently, the effects of drought on tree resistance against pathogens are hypothetical, thus research is needed to identify these correlations. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) is one of the most economically important tree species in Europe and is considered highly vulnerable to changes in climate. Dedicated experiments to investigate how disturbances will affect the Norway spruce--Heterobasidion sp. pathosystem are important, in order to develop different strategies to limit the spread of H. annosum s.l. under the predicted climate change. Here, we report a transcriptional study to compare Norway spruce gene expressions to evaluate the effects of water availability and the infection of Heterobasidion parviporum. We performed inoculation studies of three-year-old saplings in a greenhouse (purchased from a nursery). Norway spruce saplings were treated in either high (+) or low (−) water groups: high water group received double the water amount than the low water group. RNA was extracted and sequenced. Similarly, we quantified gene expression levels of candidate genes in biotic stress and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways using qRT-PCR, through which we discovered a unique preferential defense response of H. parviporum-infected Norway spruce under drought stress at the molecular level. Disturbances related to water availability, especially low water conditions can have negative effects on the tree host and benefit the infection ability of the pathogens in the host. From our RNA-seq analysis, 114 differentially expressed gene regions were identified between high (+) and low (−) water groups under pathogen attack. None of these gene pathways were identified to be differentially expressed from both non-treated and mock-control treatments between high (+) and low (−) water groups. Finally, only four genes were found to be associated with drought in all treatments
Author: Samuel W. Flake
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 218
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Book Description
Widespread dieoff of trees associated with severe drought is a recent global phenomenon of increasing conservation and management concern. Tree dieoff is likely to produce dramatic and widespread alterations to plant community composition and successional dynamics, with associated changes in nutrient cycling, hydrology, and wildlife habitat. In order to predict and manage the effects of future widespread drought, there is a need for greater understanding of both the causes of drought-associated tree mortality as well as the subsequent effects of mortality on tree regeneration and understory dynamics. In this study, we investigated the effects of climate, stand structure, and insect herbivores on tree mortality and canopy dieback of semi-arid pinyon-juniper woodlands, as well as the implications of woodland overstory mortality on the abundance of juvenile trees and the distribution of understory plants. In 2015 we resampled 102 plots in a permanent plot network established in 2005 spanning pinyon-juniper woodlands in eleven mountain ranges in central Nevada, encompassing strong gradients of topography, elevation, soil conditions, and aridity. Using individually-tagged trees, we measured tree survival and changes to canopy greenness. In order to assess the effects of neighborhood tree density on changes in tree canopy health, we recorded high-precision GPS locations for each tree and calculated the basal area of neighboring trees and the distance to the nearest neighbor. We measured tree regeneration in two size classes: seedlings (20 cm tall) and sapling (20cm tall). We also measured understory cover by species in 1-m2 quadrats. We noted the microhabitat of tree juveniles and quadrats in order to assess the importance of fine-scale microhabitat heterogeneity to understory dynamics. This study is the first to document widespread dieoff and canopy decline in Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodlands in response to recent severe drought. We found mortality was most strongly predicted by high growing-season vapor pressure deficit and low winter precipitation (Forest Drought Stress Index), while canopy decline was most closely associated with cumulative climatic water deficit. Trees in sites with deeper soils also experienced greater health declines. Stand structure had a smaller, but significant, effect on tree survival and canopy health, with trees in dense 4-m neighborhoods and those with close neighbors experiencing increased mortality risk and canopy dieback. As predicted, the regeneration of pinyon pine was strongly influenced by changes to the overstory trees. Both seedlings and saplings were positively associated with plot-level dead tree basal area and with fine-scale mortality-associated microhabitats, suggesting that drought mortality may create canopy gaps with increased recruitment. In contrast to microhabitat results, pinyon seedlings were much more abundant in stands with lower levels of canopy dieback and in stands with more live basal area, suggesting that new recruitment may be limited by reduced seed availability. The dynamics of tree regeneration in woodlands will likely depend upon seed availability, resource levels, timescale, and the abundance and spatial arrangement of larger juveniles (advance regeneration) present before the drought. We found little evidence of response to tree mortality for most understory plant functional types. However, Poa secunda and Bromus tectorum were both more abundant than expected in mortality-associated microhabitats. At a plot scale, Bromus tectorum abundance was positively associated with canopy dieback, and has increased in dominance since 2005 in arid sites with high levels of dieback. While some native species may respond positively to resources released by tree mortality, there is a risk of invasion and increasing dominance of cheatgrass under future droughts, underlining the importance of understanding overstory-understory interactions in arid woodlands. This study highlights the need for further research into the effects of within-stand structural heterogeneity on woodland responses to drought. Pinyon-juniper woodlands have a complex, patchy distribution of trees which likely affects the ways in which competition may predispose trees to drought mortality. Overstory mortality creates heterogeneous microhabitats which alter the distribution of juvenile trees as well as understory species, thus spatially structuring the response of these species to drought. Aridity and severe drought are likely to increase in coming decades, and understanding the complex interactions that drive woodland tree mortality and the subsequent understory response is critical to the effective management of resilient woodlands.
Author: Elena Larysch
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Abstract: Hot droughts are expected to increase in Europe and disturb forest ecosystem functioning. Wood formation of trees has the potential to adapt to those events by compensatory mechanisms between the rates and durations of tracheid differentiation to form the typical pattern of vital wood anatomical structures. We monitored xylogenesis and measured wood anatomy of mature silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees along an elevational gradient in the Black Forest during the hot drought year of 2018. We assessed the kinetics of tracheid differentiation and the final tracheid dimensions and quantified the relationship between rates and durations of cell differentiation over the growing season. Cell differentiation kinetics were decoupled, and temperature and water availability signals were imprinted in the tree ring structure. The sudden decline in woody biomass production provided evidence for a disruption in carbon sequestration processes due to heat and drought stress. Growth processes of Scots pine (pioneer species) were mainly affected by the spring drought, whereas silver fir (climax species) growth processes were more disturbed by the summer drought. Our study provides novel insights on the plasticity of wood formation and carbon allocation in temperate conifer tree species in response to extreme climatic events
Author: Mirza Hasanuzzaman
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811521727
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 866
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Book Description
This book presents the state-of-the-art in plant ecophysiology. With a particular focus on adaptation to a changing environment, it discusses ecophysiology and adaptive mechanisms of plants under climate change. Over the centuries, the incidence of various abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, extreme temperatures, atmospheric pollution, metal toxicity due to climate change have regularly affected plants and, and some estimates suggest that environmental stresses may reduce the crop yield by up to 70%. This in turn adversely affects the food security. As sessile organisms, plants are frequently exposed to various environmental adversities. As such, both plant physiology and plant ecophysiology begin with the study of responses to the environment. Provides essential insights, this book can be used for courses such as Plant Physiology, Environmental Science, Crop Production and Agricultural Botany. Volume 2 provides up-to-date information on the impact of climate change on plants, the general consequences and plant responses to various environmental stresses.
Author: Ricardo Aroca
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642326536
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 460
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Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the multiple strategies that plants have developed to cope with drought, one of the most severe environmental stresses. Experts in the field present 17 chapters, each of which focuses on a basic concept as well as the latest findings. The following major aspects are covered in the book: · Morphological and anatomical adaptations · Physiological responses · Biochemical and molecular responses · Ecophysiological responses · Responses to drought under field conditions The contributions will serve as an invaluable source of information for researchers and advanced students in the fields of plant sciences, agriculture, ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular biology.
Author: J. G. Marshall
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Abscisic acid
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Book Description
Drought is a major cause of death in seedlings of forest trees that have been grown in a greenhouse and transplanted to a natural setting. This report describes the effects of elevated salt levels, manipulation of photoperiods and temperature regimes, the use of antitranspirants, and application of ABA or paclobutrazol to induce resistance to drought and to a combination of intense heat and prolonged drought in jack pine, white pine, and black spruce seedlings.
Author: Mariangela Fotelli
Publisher:
ISBN: 9783036527505
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 172
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Book Description
Extreme climatic events, such as intense and prolonged droughts and heat waves, are occurring with increasing frequency and with pronounced impacts on forests. Forest trees, as long-lived organisms, need to develop adaptation mechanisms to successfully respond to such climatic extremes. Whether physiological adaptations on the tree level result in ecophysiological responses that ensure plasticity of forest ecosystems to climate change is currently in the core forest research. Within this Special Issue, forest species' responses to climatic variability were reported from diverse climatic zones and ecosystem types: from near-desert mountains in western USA to tropical forests in central America and Asia, and from Mediterranean ecosystems to temperate European forests. The clear effects of constraints related to climate change were evidenced on the tree level, such as in differentiated gene expression, metabolite abundance, sap flow rates, photosynthetic performance, seed germination, survival and growth, while on the ecosystem level, tree line shifts, temporal shifts in allocation of resources and species shifts were identified. Experimental schemes such as common gardens and provenance trails also provided long-term indications on the tolerance of forest species against drought and warming and serve to evaluate their performance under the predicted climate in near future. These findings enhance our knowledge on the potential resilience of forest species and ecosystems to climate change and provide an updated basis for continuing research on this topic.
Author: Ratikanta Maiti
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119104440
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 383
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Book Description
Forest trees and shrubs play vital ecological roles, reducing the carbon load from the atmosphere by using carbon dioxide in photosynthesis and by the storage of carbon in biomass and wood as a source of energy. Autoecology deals with all aspects of woody plants; the dynamism of populations, physiological traits of trees, light requirements, life history patterns, and physiological and morphological characters. Ecophysiology is defined by various plant growth parameters such as leaf traits, xylem water potential, plant height, basal diameter, and crown architecture which are, in turn, influenced by physiological traits and environmental conditions in the forest ecosystem. In short, this book details research advances in various aspects of woody plants to help forest scientists and foresters manage and protect forest trees and plan their future research. Autoecology and Ecophysiology of Woody Shrubs and Trees is intended to be a guide for students of woody plant autoecology and ecophysiology, as well as for researchers in this field. It is also an invaluable resource for foresters to assist in effective management of forest resources.
