Ecological Genetics of Dispersal and Mating System in Populations of Yellow-bellied Marmots (Marmota Flaviventris) PDF Download
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Author: Christian Hollace Floyd
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 316
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Author: Christian Hollace Floyd
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 316
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Author: Megan Nicole Edic
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 33
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Natal dispersal is the permanent movement of individuals from their natal home range to a new location for reproduction. Dispersal helps maintain genetic variation and is viewed as an adaptive behavior; however, the decision rules influencing dispersal may no longer be optimal in rapidly changing environments. Climate change creates mismatches between species' life history traits, decision rules, and the environment, and this gap may be enhanced in species whose habitats are especially sensitive to rapid change. At least two processes can permit flexible responses in a changing environment: phenotypic plasticity and/or possessing sufficient additive genetic variation to permit evolution. While numerous studies investigate species' plastic responses to altered environmental conditions, the potential to evolve when faced with long-term changes is often overlooked in ecological studies of dispersal. Here, we use the quantitative genetic mixed model, termed the 'animal model', to conduct a variance decomposition of female yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventer) natal dispersal. We found significant heritable variation in the propensity to disperse when using a 60-year data set, but our estimate was not substantially different from zero when we used a smaller 18-year data set that permitted us to account for known environmental effects that influence dispersal. Nevertheless, these findings illustrate the importance of phenotypic plasticity in dispersal decisions in this system and, overall, suggest that should yellow-bellied marmots experience a future mismatch with their environment, they have some additive genetic variation that may allow them to evolve a new optimal response.
Author: Lucretia Elizabeth Olson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 250
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Author: Kenneth B. Armitage
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139993003
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 421
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Focusing on the physiological and behavioral factors that enable a species to live in a harsh seasonal environment, this book places the social biology of marmots in an environmental context. It draws on the results of a forty-year empirical study of the population biology of the yellow-bellied marmot near the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in the Upper East River Valley in Colorado, USA. The text examines life-history features such as body-size, habitat use, environmental physiology, social dynamics, and kinship. Considerable new data analyses are integrated with material published over a fifty-year period, including extensive natural history observations, providing an essential foundation for integrating social and population processes. Finally, the results of research into the yellow-bellied marmot are related to major ecological and evolutionary theories, especially inclusive fitness and population regulation, making this a valuable resource for students and researchers in animal behavior, behavioral ecology, evolutionary biology, ecology and conservation.
Author: Elizabeth L. Stallman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 460
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Author: Tiffany Christine Armenta
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 181
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Gene expression is an important mechanism that allows organisms to adapt to environmental stimuli. Recent advances in molecular techniques have enabled extensive research evaluating environmentally induced transcription rates across the genome in controlled laboratory conditions. However, relatively few studies have examined transcriptional responses to external changes in wild populations, where natural selection operates. For my dissertation, I aimed to evaluate how wild animals physiologically respond to various environmental stressors on the molecular level. In my first chapter, I provide an overview of my three empirical research chapters. In my second chapter, I evaluated gene expression changes in female yearling yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer) as they prepared to disperse from the natal colony. Dispersers exhibited significant increases in the expression of genes involved in metabolism, muscle function, and pathogen defense, providing support for somatic preparation for the upcoming risks involved with dispersal. In my third chapter, I focused on both male and female marmots to evaluate the impact of social status on gene expression variation in blood. Previous studies in controlled systems have identified a conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA) where socially stressed individuals often exhibit chronic inflammation and reduced antiviral responses. I found that affiliative and agonistic social interactions influenced the inflammatory transcriptional response, but not the antiviral response. This suggests that inflammation is an evolutionarily conserved trait when dealing with social stress, but that the viral response may depend on the social structure of the species. Finally, in my fourth chapter, I examined the transcriptional response to predator pressure in this species. I identified predator-induced differential expression in several genetic pathways including heat shock proteins, metabolism, brain function, and glucocorticoid signaling. My dissertation demonstrated the ability to observe the molecular response to external stimulis in a wild mammal, which could prove to be a powerful method for studying the cellular stress response in natural populations.
Author: Adriana Alexandra Maldonado Chapparro
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 109
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Individuals vary phenotypically. Phenotypic variation can emerge because of bet-hedging, micro-evolutionary responses, and because of phenotypic plasticity, an important mechanism by which individuals can cope with environmental change. Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an individual to respond to environmental variation, can influence demographic parameters (e.g., birth and death rates) that influence population dynamics. I used a population of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) as a study system to explore the effect of individual variation due to phenotypically plastic responses on population dynamics. First, I used linear mixed effects models to examine and quantify the plastic responses in a set of morphological, life-history and social traits in response to climatic and social variation. Results showed that individuals have the ability to respond to environmental variation by expressing different phenotypes, and that individuals differ in the nature of their plastic responses. Second, I developed an Integral Projection Model to evaluate the trait-mediated response to environmental variation. Results indicated that variation in survival and reproduction are the main drivers of fluctuation in the population growth rate, and that winter temperature, but not spring temperature and bare ground date, are important environmental drivers of population fluctuations. Furthermore, although variation in a key morphological trait, body mass, does not explain significant variation in population growth rate, it plays an important role in mediating the individuals' response to the environment. Finally, I developed an Individual Based Model, to incorporate individual differences in the rate at which animals gained mass seasonally, and evaluated the effect of such individual heterogeneity for population persistence. Results indicated that the proportion of individuals in the population that engaged in compensatory growth influenced population dynamics, and the cost of expressing such compensatory responses had a strong effect on population dynamics. If growth rate plasticity varies among-individuals, the population can afford the cost of plasticity; otherwise, plasticity increases the time to population extinction. These findings emphasize the importance of phenotypic plasticity as a mechanism shaping individual variation in a population, and as an important response of a species' adaptation to environmental change.
Author: Matthew Brian Petelle
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 89
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Animal personality, or consistent individual behavior, is wide spread across taxa, and is now being linked to ecology and evolutionary dynamics. Despite interest in the ecological and evolutionary consequences of personality, few studies have used a Tinbergian approach to understanding the causes and maintenance of personality. Furthermore, there is a large amount of variation within personality traits, and as evolutionary biologists, we are keenly interested in how variation is caused, develops, and is maintained within a population. My dissertation use Tinbergian principles to try and explain personality using yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) as a study system. First, I explore the methodology that describes personality traits by testing whether unacquainted raters could reliably assess subjects using subjective ratings. I found that raters could reliably measure subjects, and some of these measures were valid when compared to behavioral codings. I then focus on the development of personality and found that docility and boldness do not follow the same ontogenetic path. These traits become repeatable at different life stages, and this may reflect differences in stage-specific life history strategies. I also found that boldness and docility do not form a behavioral syndrome, and that this is most likely due to the differences in development. My next chapter focuses on the causes and maintenance of personality. I test three major theoretical hypotheses & mdash; growth-mortality tradeoffs, residual reproductive value, and state-dependent safety & mdash; and found no evidence for any. I did, however, find that different environmental variables differentially influence the same personality traits across contexts suggesting that selection can influence the same personality trait through different variables depending on the context. Finally, I explore the quantitative genetics of personality. To fully understand the evolution of personality, we need to know the heritability and correlations underlying these traits. I found low heritability in most personality traits with some correlations. This dissertation shows, that in marmots, personality is heavily influenced by environment and that personality is linked to life history strategy.
Author: Prianka Rajan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Marmots
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Author: N.C. Stenseth
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401123381
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 359
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4.1.1 Demographic significance Confined populations grow more rapidly than populations from which dispersal is permitted (Lidicker, 1975; Krebs, 1979; Tamarin et at., 1984), and demography in island populations where dispersal is restricted differs greatly from nearby mainland populations (Lidicker, 1973; Tamarin, 1977, 1978; Gliwicz, 1980), clearly demonstrating the demographic signi ficance of dispersal. The prevalence of dispersal in rapidly expanding populations is held to be the best evidence for presaturation dispersal. Because dispersal reduces the growth rate of source populations, it is generally believed that emigration is not balanced by immigration, and that mortality of emigrants occurs as a result of movement into a 'sink' of unfavourable habitat. If such dispersal is age- or sex-biased, the demo graphy of the population is markedly affected, as a consequence of differ ences in mortality in the dispersive sex or age class. Habitat heterogeneity consequently underlies this interpretation of dispersal and its demographic consequences, although the spatial variability of environments is rarely assessed in dispersal studies.
