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Author: Florian Coulmas
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
ISBN: 3110871963
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 381
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Book Description
TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS is a series of books that open new perspectives in our understanding of language. The series publishes state-of-the-art work on core areas of linguistics across theoretical frameworks as well as studies that provide new insights by building bridges to neighbouring fields such as neuroscience and cognitive science. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS considers itself a forum for cutting-edge research based on solid empirical data on language in its various manifestations, including sign languages. It regards linguistic variation in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions as well as in its social contexts as important sources of insight for a better understanding of the design of linguistic systems and the ecology and evolution of language. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS publishes monographs and outstanding dissertations as well as edited volumes, which provide the opportunity to address controversial topics from different empirical and theoretical viewpoints. High quality standards are ensured through anonymous reviewing.
Author: Florian Coulmas
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
ISBN: 3110871963
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 381
Get Book Here
Book Description
TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS is a series of books that open new perspectives in our understanding of language. The series publishes state-of-the-art work on core areas of linguistics across theoretical frameworks as well as studies that provide new insights by building bridges to neighbouring fields such as neuroscience and cognitive science. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS considers itself a forum for cutting-edge research based on solid empirical data on language in its various manifestations, including sign languages. It regards linguistic variation in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions as well as in its social contexts as important sources of insight for a better understanding of the design of linguistic systems and the ecology and evolution of language. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS publishes monographs and outstanding dissertations as well as edited volumes, which provide the opportunity to address controversial topics from different empirical and theoretical viewpoints. High quality standards are ensured through anonymous reviewing.
Author: Manik Joshi
Publisher: Manik Joshi
ISBN:
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 53
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Book Description
This Book Covers The Following Topics: 01. Direct and Indirect Speech 02. Expression of Time 03. Important Reporting Verbs 04. Pronoun Change 05. Tenses in Direct and Indirect Speech 06. Reporting Verb with Object 07. Changing Modal Verbs 08. ‘Questions’ in Direct and Indirect Speech 09. ‘Exclamations’ in Direct and Indirect Speech 10. ‘Imperatives’ in Direct and Indirect Speech 11. Direct and Indirect Speech: Mixed Types 12. Where to Put Reporting Verb in Direct Speech 13. Punctuation Rules 14. Other Useful Notes Exercise -- 01 Exercise -- 02 Exercise -- 03 Sample This: 01. Direct and Indirect Speech There are two ways to express what someone else has said. On this basis, sentences are of two types: sentences with Direct Speech, and sentences with Indirect Speech. DIRECT SPEECH Direct Speech is also called Quoted Speech or Direct Narration. Direct Speech refers to exactly what someone has said. Direct Speech appears within quotation marks (“..”). A comma is used before starting the exact quote within the quotation marks. Direct Speech should be word for word. The first letter of the quotation begins with a capital letter. Example: The president said, “I will not bear corruption in the country at any cost.” INDIRECT SPEECH Indirect speech is also called Reported Speech or Indirect Narration. Indirect Speech does not refer to exactly what someone has said. Indirect Speech doesn't appear within quotation marks but the word “that” may be used as a conjunction between the reporting verb and reported speech. Indirect Speech shouldn’t be word for word. The pronoun in Indirect Speech is changed according to speaker and hearer. Example: The president declared that he would not bear corruption in the country at any cost. Important rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech are as follows: 02. Expression of Time You need to change the expression of a time when changing direct speech (DS) into indirect speech (IDS) to match the moment of speaking. Important expressions of time in direct and indirect speech are as follows: ‘a month ago’ is changed into ‘a month before’ ‘a year ago’ is changed into ‘the previous year’ or ‘a year before’ ‘last night’ is changed into ‘the night before’ ‘last Saturday’ is changed into ‘the Saturday before’ ‘last weekend’ is changed into ‘the weekend before’ ‘next year’ is changed into ‘the following year’ or ‘the year after’ ‘now’ is changed into ‘then’ ‘the day after tomorrow’ is changed into ‘in two days’ time’ ‘the day before yesterday’ is changed into ‘two days before’ ‘these (days)’ is changed into ‘those (days)’ ‘this (morning/noon/evening)’ is changed into ‘that (morning/noon/evening)’ ‘today’ is changed into ‘that day’ ‘tomorrow’ is changed into ‘the next/following day’ or ‘the day after’ ‘tonight’ is changed into ‘that night’ ‘yesterday’ is changed into ‘the previous day’ or ‘the day before’ Besides expressions of time, there are many other expressions that need to be changed if you are changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech. ‘come’ is changed into ‘go’ ‘bring’ is changed into ‘take’ ‘thus’ is changed into ‘so’ ‘hence’ is changed into ‘thence’ ‘hither’ is changed into ‘thither’ ‘here’ is changed into ‘there’
Author: Theodorus Albertus Johannes Maria Janssen
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN: 9027250561
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 320
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Book Description
In sentences containing reported speech, thought, or perception, it is possible to distinguish different voices or views, associated with different discourse roles. They originate in two different clauses: one clause signals a reporting situation, and the other a reported situation. This volume examines the methods used for combining these two types of clauses in a range of languages. In each of the contributions, the focus is on the forms and functions of verbs; topics dealt with include the meaning of tense, mood, and aspect (and their interaction) in the various types of reported speech, the speech act status of reported utterances, correlations between reporting verbs and verbs in reported clauses (and the conjunctions introducing them), and possible intra-systemic and cross-linguistic correlations of these properties. The articles concentrate on the Slavic languages Russian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Croatian, and Slovene, the Romance languages Latin, Old and Modern French, and Spanish, the Germanic languages Swedish, German, Dutch, and English, the Indo-Iranian language Bengali, and Mandarin Chinese.
Author: Kate Woodford
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780521824231
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 1550
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Book Description
The Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary is the ideal dictionary for advanced EFL/ESL learners. Easy to use and with a great CD-ROM - the perfect learner's dictionary for exam success. First published as the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, this new edition has been completely updated and redesigned. - References to over 170,000 words, phrases and examples explained in clear and natural English - All the important new words that have come into the language (e.g. dirty bomb, lairy, 9/11, clickable) - Over 200 'Common Learner Error' notes, based on the Cambridge Learner Corpus from Cambridge ESOL exams Plus, on the CD-ROM: - SMART thesaurus - lets you find all the words with the same meaning - QUICKfind - automatically looks up words while you are working on-screen - SUPERwrite - tools for advanced writing, giving help with grammar and collocation - Hear and practise all the words.
Author: Florian Coulmas
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
ISBN: 9783110105995
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 388
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Book Description
TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS is a series of books that open new perspectives in our understanding of language. The series publishes state-of-the-art work on core areas of linguistics across theoretical frameworks, as well as studies that provide new insights by approaching language from an interdisciplinary perspective. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS considers itself a forum for cutting-edge research based on solid empirical data on language in its various manifestations, including sign languages. It regards linguistic variation in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions as well as in its social contexts as important sources of insight for a better understanding of the design of linguistic systems and the ecology and evolution of language. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS publishes monographs and outstanding dissertations as well as edited volumes, which provide the opportunity to address controversial topics from different empirical and theoretical viewpoints. High quality standards are ensured through anonymous reviewing. To discuss your book idea or submit a proposal, please contact Birgit Sievert.
Author: John A. Lucy
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 0521351642
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 426
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Book Description
These innovative essays represent a critique of those researchers in the humanities and social sciences who fail to take language seriously.
Author: Samuel Meier
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004275703
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 402
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Book Description
Direct speech appears on nearly every page of the Hebrew Bible, and the large number of publications on direct discourse in the Bible highlights the importance of the subject for biblical studies. However, thus far only isolated aspects of the various problems that direct discourse presents have received attention. Studies of individual verbs introducing direct discourse, such as "answer", "speak", "say", and others are necessarily atomistic, even though appropriate in their own right. Other markers of direct discourse, such as "Thus said Yahweh", or "oracle of Yahweh", tend to be treated as theological constructs isolated from the larger issues of direct discourse marking in general. Speaking of Speaking aims to enrich the reading of the biblical text by offering a coordinated analysis of all such markers, not only in order to consolidate a considerable body of work that is often overlooked by scholars, but also to move further toward a synthesis that can permit informed generalizations not possible at the present time. The comprehensive index facilitates the use of this book as a valuable reference tool. The exegetical, literary, and theological findings of this book will be of great significance for all levels of research in biblical studies.
Author: Renaat Declerck
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317419480
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 436
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Book Description
First published in 1991, this book looks at tense in English, one of the most controversial areas of grammar. Prior to the book’s original publication, the problems and interest in the subject had led to an impressive number of books and articles. Yet, despite the amount of work produced, nothing approaching a consensus had emerged, merely a series of conflicting theories and analyses. Here, Renaat Declerck provides a framework for a theoretical instrument which will enable the linguist to interpret the data correctly. The book is primarily theoretical in nature, but offers descriptive theory and a discussion of the various tenses which will make it a valuable tool for those teaching English. Theoretical and applied linguists will find this an important contribution to the debate on tense and a worthy starting point for future research. The book is not written from the viewpoint of any particular linguistic theory and does not presuppose any knowledge of tense theory, it is a readable and reliable guide to the area.
Author: Bryan A. Garner
Publisher: Univ of Chicago+ORM
ISBN: 022619129X
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 680
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Book Description
The authoritative guide to using the English language effectively, from “the greatest writer on grammar and usage that this country has ever produced” (David Yerkes, Columbia University). The author of The Chicago Manual of Style’s popular “Grammar and Usage” chapter, Bryan A. Garner is renowned for explaining the vagaries of English with absolute precision and utmost clarity. With The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation, he has written the definitive guide for writers who want their prose to be both memorable and correct. Garner describes standard literary English—the forms that mark writers and speakers as educated users of the language. He also offers historical context for understanding the development of these forms. The section on grammar explains how the canonical parts of speech came to be identified, while the section on syntax covers the nuances of sentence patterns as well as both traditional sentence diagramming and transformational grammar. The usage section provides an unprecedented trove of empirical evidence in the form of Google Ngrams, diagrams that illustrate the changing prevalence of specific terms over decades and even centuries of English literature. Garner also treats punctuation and word formation, and concludes the book with an exhaustive glossary of grammatical terms and a bibliography of suggested further reading and references. The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation is a magisterial work, the culmination of Garner’s lifelong study of the English language. The result is a landmark resource that will offer clear guidelines to students, writers, and editors alike. “[A manual] for those of us laboring to produce expository prose: nonfiction books, journalistic articles, memorandums, business letters. The conservatism of his advice pushes you to consider audience and occasion, so that you will understand when to follow convention and when you can safely break it.”—John E. McIntyre, Baltimore Sun
Author: XIN Bin
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000388182
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 227
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Book Description
Reported speech is a universal form across human languages. However, previous studies have tended to be limited because they mostly emphasize on the form and authenticity of reported speech, while its discourse and pragmatic functions have largely been ignored. Meanwhile, the studies mainly focus on English, with a comparative perspective with other languages largely missing. Acknowledging these limitations, this book analyzes the textual and pragmatic functions of reported speech in Chinese and English. The authors build a corpus comprising of twelve Chinese and English newspapers, including China Daily and The New York Times. They examine the classification and distribution of reported speech, the form and function in different news genres and contexts, and the socio-pragmatic interpretation of reported speech in news and other issues. This title can enrich comparative linguistic research, verify the feasibility of combining critical linguistics and corpus technology, and help improve the production and understanding of news reports. Students and scholars of critical discourse analysis, comparative linguistics, corpus linguistics, as well as communication studies will find this to be an essential guide.
