Author: Mohammad Ameeruz Zaman
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781536125955
Category : Economic development projects
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
A very first for Bangladesh, this edited book examines the complex issues of development-induced displacement and resettlement using case studies with good practice examples from a wide range of ongoing projects. The authors, who are largely practitioners in the field of resettlement studies, are well-known in the country and internationally for their expert knowledge. The book establishes a baseline for further research on resettlement and development in Bangladesh. It is rich in well-presented case studies replete with evidence-based strategies to help prevent impoverishment amongst those displaced by development projects. The chapters in this collection address emerging issues and approaches to resettlement and thus have enriched the literature in an era of rapid economic development and change. Thus, the book will remain as a valuable resource and reference or teaching aid in academic and development circles. In addition to the Foreword by Michael Cernea and the Introduction by the editors, the book contains thirteen chapters: Chapter One, Resettlement in the Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge Project: Innovations and Good Practices (Mohammad Zaman); Chapter Two, Beyond Resettlement: The SAP II Program in the Bhairab Bridge Project (Hafiza Khatun); Chapter Three, Self-Managed Resettlement by Informal Settlers in the Jamuna-Meghna River Erosion Mitigation Project (Kh. Khairul Matin); Chapter Four, Gender and Resettlement in Bangladesh (Bindiya Rawat); Chapter Five, Income and Livelihood Restoration in the Tongi-Bhairab Bazar Double Line Project (A. M. Salah Uddin); Chapter Six, The Impact of Development on Adibasi People in Bangladesh (Hafiza Khatun and Surinder Aggarwal); Chapter Seven, The Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project: The Ten Best Practices in Resettlement Management (Mohammad Zaman and Aqueel Khan); Chapter Eight, Land Acquisition and Resettlement in Urban Transport Project in Dhaka City: Experience and Innovations (Akhtar Zaman); Chapter Nine, Resettlement in RCIP-Rail Projects: A Review of the Planning Experience (Saifulla Dostogir and Aktarul Islam Khan); Chapter Ten, Resettlement Planning and Implementation: Making Things Happen (Albab Akanda); Chapter 11, Training and Capacity Building in Resettlement Management: The MLARR Program at BRAC University (Ferdous Jahan and Sharif A. Wahab); Chapter Twelve, External Monitoring in CEIP-1 Project: Review and Early Experience (Jan T. Twarowski); and Chapter Thirteen, Toward a Land Acquisition and Resettlement Law for Bangladesh: Issues for Consideration (Mohammad Zaman and Hafiza Khatun).
Development-induced Displacement and Resettlement in Bangladesh
Author: Mohammad Ameeruz Zaman
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781536125955
Category : Economic development projects
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
A very first for Bangladesh, this edited book examines the complex issues of development-induced displacement and resettlement using case studies with good practice examples from a wide range of ongoing projects. The authors, who are largely practitioners in the field of resettlement studies, are well-known in the country and internationally for their expert knowledge. The book establishes a baseline for further research on resettlement and development in Bangladesh. It is rich in well-presented case studies replete with evidence-based strategies to help prevent impoverishment amongst those displaced by development projects. The chapters in this collection address emerging issues and approaches to resettlement and thus have enriched the literature in an era of rapid economic development and change. Thus, the book will remain as a valuable resource and reference or teaching aid in academic and development circles. In addition to the Foreword by Michael Cernea and the Introduction by the editors, the book contains thirteen chapters: Chapter One, Resettlement in the Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge Project: Innovations and Good Practices (Mohammad Zaman); Chapter Two, Beyond Resettlement: The SAP II Program in the Bhairab Bridge Project (Hafiza Khatun); Chapter Three, Self-Managed Resettlement by Informal Settlers in the Jamuna-Meghna River Erosion Mitigation Project (Kh. Khairul Matin); Chapter Four, Gender and Resettlement in Bangladesh (Bindiya Rawat); Chapter Five, Income and Livelihood Restoration in the Tongi-Bhairab Bazar Double Line Project (A. M. Salah Uddin); Chapter Six, The Impact of Development on Adibasi People in Bangladesh (Hafiza Khatun and Surinder Aggarwal); Chapter Seven, The Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project: The Ten Best Practices in Resettlement Management (Mohammad Zaman and Aqueel Khan); Chapter Eight, Land Acquisition and Resettlement in Urban Transport Project in Dhaka City: Experience and Innovations (Akhtar Zaman); Chapter Nine, Resettlement in RCIP-Rail Projects: A Review of the Planning Experience (Saifulla Dostogir and Aktarul Islam Khan); Chapter Ten, Resettlement Planning and Implementation: Making Things Happen (Albab Akanda); Chapter 11, Training and Capacity Building in Resettlement Management: The MLARR Program at BRAC University (Ferdous Jahan and Sharif A. Wahab); Chapter Twelve, External Monitoring in CEIP-1 Project: Review and Early Experience (Jan T. Twarowski); and Chapter Thirteen, Toward a Land Acquisition and Resettlement Law for Bangladesh: Issues for Consideration (Mohammad Zaman and Hafiza Khatun).
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781536125955
Category : Economic development projects
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
A very first for Bangladesh, this edited book examines the complex issues of development-induced displacement and resettlement using case studies with good practice examples from a wide range of ongoing projects. The authors, who are largely practitioners in the field of resettlement studies, are well-known in the country and internationally for their expert knowledge. The book establishes a baseline for further research on resettlement and development in Bangladesh. It is rich in well-presented case studies replete with evidence-based strategies to help prevent impoverishment amongst those displaced by development projects. The chapters in this collection address emerging issues and approaches to resettlement and thus have enriched the literature in an era of rapid economic development and change. Thus, the book will remain as a valuable resource and reference or teaching aid in academic and development circles. In addition to the Foreword by Michael Cernea and the Introduction by the editors, the book contains thirteen chapters: Chapter One, Resettlement in the Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge Project: Innovations and Good Practices (Mohammad Zaman); Chapter Two, Beyond Resettlement: The SAP II Program in the Bhairab Bridge Project (Hafiza Khatun); Chapter Three, Self-Managed Resettlement by Informal Settlers in the Jamuna-Meghna River Erosion Mitigation Project (Kh. Khairul Matin); Chapter Four, Gender and Resettlement in Bangladesh (Bindiya Rawat); Chapter Five, Income and Livelihood Restoration in the Tongi-Bhairab Bazar Double Line Project (A. M. Salah Uddin); Chapter Six, The Impact of Development on Adibasi People in Bangladesh (Hafiza Khatun and Surinder Aggarwal); Chapter Seven, The Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project: The Ten Best Practices in Resettlement Management (Mohammad Zaman and Aqueel Khan); Chapter Eight, Land Acquisition and Resettlement in Urban Transport Project in Dhaka City: Experience and Innovations (Akhtar Zaman); Chapter Nine, Resettlement in RCIP-Rail Projects: A Review of the Planning Experience (Saifulla Dostogir and Aktarul Islam Khan); Chapter Ten, Resettlement Planning and Implementation: Making Things Happen (Albab Akanda); Chapter 11, Training and Capacity Building in Resettlement Management: The MLARR Program at BRAC University (Ferdous Jahan and Sharif A. Wahab); Chapter Twelve, External Monitoring in CEIP-1 Project: Review and Early Experience (Jan T. Twarowski); and Chapter Thirteen, Toward a Land Acquisition and Resettlement Law for Bangladesh: Issues for Consideration (Mohammad Zaman and Hafiza Khatun).
Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement
Author: Bogumil Terminski
Publisher: Columbia University Press
ISBN: 3838267230
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 613
Book Description
This book explores the issue of development-induced resettlement, with a particular emphasis on the humanitarian, legal, and social aspects of this problem. Today, so-called 'development-induced displacement and resettlement' (DIDR) is one of the dominant causes of internal spatial mobility worldwide. Each year over 15 million people are forced to abandon their homes to make space for economic development infrastructure. The construction of dams and irrigation projects, the expansion of communication networks, urbanization and re-urbanization, the extraction and transportation of mineral resources, forced evictions in urban areas, and population redistribution schemes count among the many possible causes.Terminski aims to present the issue of development-caused displacement as a highly diverse, global social problem occurring in all regions of the world. As a human rights issue it poses a challenge to public international law and to institutions providing humanitarian assistance. A significant part of this book is devoted to the current dynamics of development-caused resettlement in Europe, which has been neglected in the academic literature so far.
Publisher: Columbia University Press
ISBN: 3838267230
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 613
Book Description
This book explores the issue of development-induced resettlement, with a particular emphasis on the humanitarian, legal, and social aspects of this problem. Today, so-called 'development-induced displacement and resettlement' (DIDR) is one of the dominant causes of internal spatial mobility worldwide. Each year over 15 million people are forced to abandon their homes to make space for economic development infrastructure. The construction of dams and irrigation projects, the expansion of communication networks, urbanization and re-urbanization, the extraction and transportation of mineral resources, forced evictions in urban areas, and population redistribution schemes count among the many possible causes.Terminski aims to present the issue of development-caused displacement as a highly diverse, global social problem occurring in all regions of the world. As a human rights issue it poses a challenge to public international law and to institutions providing humanitarian assistance. A significant part of this book is devoted to the current dynamics of development-caused resettlement in Europe, which has been neglected in the academic literature so far.
Development-Induced Displacement in India and China
Author: Florence Padovani
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 1498529046
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 282
Book Description
The world seems to have recently discovered India and China as major players in Asia, and political and economic connections between the two countries are rapidly growing. Beyond the fashionable phenomenon, the two countries have much in common and many shared experiences. Both are developing countries with dynamic economies focused on lifting their people out of poverty. There are also differences as well, as India is a democracy while China is an autocratic state, and the speed of economic growth is much higher in India. This collection provides a comparative analysis of development-induced migration in India and China caused by urbanization and dam construction. The contributors include scholars from both countries working in both academia and consultancy positions.
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 1498529046
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 282
Book Description
The world seems to have recently discovered India and China as major players in Asia, and political and economic connections between the two countries are rapidly growing. Beyond the fashionable phenomenon, the two countries have much in common and many shared experiences. Both are developing countries with dynamic economies focused on lifting their people out of poverty. There are also differences as well, as India is a democracy while China is an autocratic state, and the speed of economic growth is much higher in India. This collection provides a comparative analysis of development-induced migration in India and China caused by urbanization and dam construction. The contributors include scholars from both countries working in both academia and consultancy positions.
Resettlement in Asian Countries
Author: Mohammad Zaman
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000512894
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 319
Book Description
This book examines land acquisition and resettlement experience in Asian countries, where nearly two-thirds of the world’s development-induced displacement currently takes place. Faced with the complexity of balancing legal frameworks and resettlement needs, along with increasing demands for safeguarding displaced peoples, in recent years many countries within Asia have adopted integrated land and resettlement laws. This book presents a comparative review and assessment of the impact of the new land and resettlement laws and regulatory frameworks for expropriation, compensation and resettlement. Written by an international, interdisciplinary team of experts from both practice and academia, the book demonstrates the ongoing challenges and struggles associated with social and resettlement risk assessments, the social and cultural exclusion of indigenous/vulnerable groups in some countries, and the lack of institutional capacity to adequately deal with resettlement management and administration. The case studies and comparative analyses of laws and practices relating to expropriation, compensation and resettlement make significant contributions to advancing resettlement knowledge and management practices. The book will be useful as a reference for development practitioners and for researchers across the fields of global development, political science, Asian studies, planning and law. The book also has potential use as a resource for resettlement management training programs and graduatelevel courses/seminars in development studies.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000512894
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 319
Book Description
This book examines land acquisition and resettlement experience in Asian countries, where nearly two-thirds of the world’s development-induced displacement currently takes place. Faced with the complexity of balancing legal frameworks and resettlement needs, along with increasing demands for safeguarding displaced peoples, in recent years many countries within Asia have adopted integrated land and resettlement laws. This book presents a comparative review and assessment of the impact of the new land and resettlement laws and regulatory frameworks for expropriation, compensation and resettlement. Written by an international, interdisciplinary team of experts from both practice and academia, the book demonstrates the ongoing challenges and struggles associated with social and resettlement risk assessments, the social and cultural exclusion of indigenous/vulnerable groups in some countries, and the lack of institutional capacity to adequately deal with resettlement management and administration. The case studies and comparative analyses of laws and practices relating to expropriation, compensation and resettlement make significant contributions to advancing resettlement knowledge and management practices. The book will be useful as a reference for development practitioners and for researchers across the fields of global development, political science, Asian studies, planning and law. The book also has potential use as a resource for resettlement management training programs and graduatelevel courses/seminars in development studies.
Geography in Bangladesh
Author: Sheikh Tawhidul Islam
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 0429558406
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 249
Book Description
This book provides an overview of the emergence of geography as a discipline in Bangladesh and the contributions made by local geographers towards the development of the country. It explores problems associated with population growth and poverty, landlessness and food security, land use and natural resource management, urbanism, climate change, disaster management and human health. The volume shows how research and the study of geography in the ‘periphery’ can contribute in achieving progress in countries like Bangladesh and help them prepare against imminent disasters, ecological, social, economic shocks and uncertainties. This book will be useful to students and researchers of geography, environment studies, disaster management, development studies, geoinformatics, geology, demography, sociology and South Asian studies with a particular focus on Bangladesh. It will also interest various policy makers and NGO professionals working in these and related fields.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 0429558406
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 249
Book Description
This book provides an overview of the emergence of geography as a discipline in Bangladesh and the contributions made by local geographers towards the development of the country. It explores problems associated with population growth and poverty, landlessness and food security, land use and natural resource management, urbanism, climate change, disaster management and human health. The volume shows how research and the study of geography in the ‘periphery’ can contribute in achieving progress in countries like Bangladesh and help them prepare against imminent disasters, ecological, social, economic shocks and uncertainties. This book will be useful to students and researchers of geography, environment studies, disaster management, development studies, geoinformatics, geology, demography, sociology and South Asian studies with a particular focus on Bangladesh. It will also interest various policy makers and NGO professionals working in these and related fields.
Resettlement with People First
Author: Susanna Price
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1003812473
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 244
Book Description
Should people in the way lose out as new reservoirs, mines, plantations, or superhighways displace them from their homes and livelihoods? What if the process of resettlement were made accountable to those impacted, empowering them to achieve just outcomes and to share in the benefits of development projects? This book seeks to answer these questions, putting forward powerful counterfactual case studies to assess what problems real-world development projects would likely have avoided if the project had included the affected people in decision making about whether and how they should resettle. Drawing on contributions from leading and emerging scholars from around the world, this book considers cases involving dams, mines, roads, and housing, amongst others, from Asia, Africa, and South America. In each case, the counterfactual approach invites us to reconsider how the dynamics of accountability play out through resettlement hazards and the asymmetries of power relations in the negotiation of displacement benefits and redress. Considering a range of theoretical and ethical perspectives, the book concludes with practical, alternative policy suggestions for displacement arising both from development and from slow onset climate change. This book’s novel approach focussing on the people's agency in the dynamics of governance, accountability, and (dis)empowerment in development projects with displacement and resettlement will appeal to academic researchers, development practitioners, and policymakers.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1003812473
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 244
Book Description
Should people in the way lose out as new reservoirs, mines, plantations, or superhighways displace them from their homes and livelihoods? What if the process of resettlement were made accountable to those impacted, empowering them to achieve just outcomes and to share in the benefits of development projects? This book seeks to answer these questions, putting forward powerful counterfactual case studies to assess what problems real-world development projects would likely have avoided if the project had included the affected people in decision making about whether and how they should resettle. Drawing on contributions from leading and emerging scholars from around the world, this book considers cases involving dams, mines, roads, and housing, amongst others, from Asia, Africa, and South America. In each case, the counterfactual approach invites us to reconsider how the dynamics of accountability play out through resettlement hazards and the asymmetries of power relations in the negotiation of displacement benefits and redress. Considering a range of theoretical and ethical perspectives, the book concludes with practical, alternative policy suggestions for displacement arising both from development and from slow onset climate change. This book’s novel approach focussing on the people's agency in the dynamics of governance, accountability, and (dis)empowerment in development projects with displacement and resettlement will appeal to academic researchers, development practitioners, and policymakers.
Country Frameworks for Development Displacement and Resettlement
Author: Susanna Price
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351031805
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 392
Book Description
The problem of escalating population displacement demands global attention and country co-ordination. This book investigates the particular issue of development-induced displacement, whereby land is seized or restricted by the state for the purposes of development projects. Those displaced by these schemes often risk losses to their homes, livelihoods, food security, and socio-cultural support; for which they are rarely fully compensated. Bringing together 22 specialist researchers and practitioners from across the globe, this book provides a much-needed independent analysis of country frameworks for development-induced displacement spanning Asia, Africa, Central and South America. As global competition for land increases, public and private sector lenders are lightening their social safeguards, shifting the oversight for protecting the displaced to national law and regulations. This raises a central question: Do countries have effective ways of addressing the risks and lost opportunities for their people who are displaced? While many countries remain impervious to the problem, the book also shines a light on the few who are pioneering new legislation and strategies, intended to address questions such as: should the social costs to those displaced help determine whether a project meets the public interest and merits financing? Does the modern state need powers of eminent domain? How can country laws, systems, institutions and negotiations be reformed to protect citizens better against disempowering public and private sector development displacement? This book will interest those working on forced and voluntary migration, property and expropriation law, human rights, environmental and social impact assessment, internal and refugee displacement from conflicts, environment change, disasters and development.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351031805
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 392
Book Description
The problem of escalating population displacement demands global attention and country co-ordination. This book investigates the particular issue of development-induced displacement, whereby land is seized or restricted by the state for the purposes of development projects. Those displaced by these schemes often risk losses to their homes, livelihoods, food security, and socio-cultural support; for which they are rarely fully compensated. Bringing together 22 specialist researchers and practitioners from across the globe, this book provides a much-needed independent analysis of country frameworks for development-induced displacement spanning Asia, Africa, Central and South America. As global competition for land increases, public and private sector lenders are lightening their social safeguards, shifting the oversight for protecting the displaced to national law and regulations. This raises a central question: Do countries have effective ways of addressing the risks and lost opportunities for their people who are displaced? While many countries remain impervious to the problem, the book also shines a light on the few who are pioneering new legislation and strategies, intended to address questions such as: should the social costs to those displaced help determine whether a project meets the public interest and merits financing? Does the modern state need powers of eminent domain? How can country laws, systems, institutions and negotiations be reformed to protect citizens better against disempowering public and private sector development displacement? This book will interest those working on forced and voluntary migration, property and expropriation law, human rights, environmental and social impact assessment, internal and refugee displacement from conflicts, environment change, disasters and development.
Lose to Gain
Author: Jayantha Perera
Publisher: Asian Development Bank
ISBN: 9292543563
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
A crucial issue that confronts development in South Asia is how to build a better life for people displaced by infrastructure development projects. This book comprises recent displacement and resettlement case studies conducted by eight anthropologists in South Asia. Each contributor wrote around the key theme of the book: Is involuntary resettlement a development opportunity for those displaced by development interventions? In this book, "resettlement" carries a broader meaning to include physical and economic displacement, restricted access to public land such as forests and parks, relocation, income rehabilitation, and self-relocation. The book demonstrates that despite significant progress in national policies, laws, and regulations, their application still requires more commitment, adequate resources, and better supervision.
Publisher: Asian Development Bank
ISBN: 9292543563
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
A crucial issue that confronts development in South Asia is how to build a better life for people displaced by infrastructure development projects. This book comprises recent displacement and resettlement case studies conducted by eight anthropologists in South Asia. Each contributor wrote around the key theme of the book: Is involuntary resettlement a development opportunity for those displaced by development interventions? In this book, "resettlement" carries a broader meaning to include physical and economic displacement, restricted access to public land such as forests and parks, relocation, income rehabilitation, and self-relocation. The book demonstrates that despite significant progress in national policies, laws, and regulations, their application still requires more commitment, adequate resources, and better supervision.
Displacement, Impoverishment and Exclusion
Author: Sujit Kumar Mishra
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000218120
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 258
Book Description
This book is all about the nexus of “state, development intervention and the development community” where the main objective of the development intervention is to enhance the revenue of the State’s economy. The institutional parameters are instrumental in this success. However, these mechanisms are limited to few stages of development, giving very little space to the development communities. This book is intended to present the contemporary research outcomes on the cross-cutting theme of development induced displacement. Please note: This title is co-published with Aakar Books, New Delhi. Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Maldives and Sri Lanka.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000218120
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 258
Book Description
This book is all about the nexus of “state, development intervention and the development community” where the main objective of the development intervention is to enhance the revenue of the State’s economy. The institutional parameters are instrumental in this success. However, these mechanisms are limited to few stages of development, giving very little space to the development communities. This book is intended to present the contemporary research outcomes on the cross-cutting theme of development induced displacement. Please note: This title is co-published with Aakar Books, New Delhi. Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Maldives and Sri Lanka.
Displaced by Development
Author: Lyla Mehta
Publisher: SAGE Publications
ISBN: 8178299003
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 354
Book Description
This compilation is a rare attempt to apply gender analysis to development-induced-displacement and resettlement in the Indian context. It brings together leading scholar-activists, researchers and contributors from people’s movements to critique and draw attention to the injustices perpetrated during such processes. Facing up to the need to focus specifically on how displacement and resettlement affect social groups differently with regard to axes such as gender, class, caste and tribe, the articles show that disenfranchised groups are deemed dispensable and tend to be affected the most, and that women and children among them suffer disproportionately. Displaced by Development: Confronting Marginalisation and Gender Injustice argues that without differentiated analyses and programmes, displacement and resettlement will continue to intensify and perpetuate gender and social injustice. This work will hold the interest of a wide readership and will be a crucial source of information for those working in the areas of Gender and Social Policy, Economics and Development Studies, Sociology of Gender, Environment and Development, Migration Studies, Anthropology, and South Asian studies. It will also interest policy makers in development agencies, activists and non-governmental organisations concerned with forced displacement and migration issues.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
ISBN: 8178299003
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 354
Book Description
This compilation is a rare attempt to apply gender analysis to development-induced-displacement and resettlement in the Indian context. It brings together leading scholar-activists, researchers and contributors from people’s movements to critique and draw attention to the injustices perpetrated during such processes. Facing up to the need to focus specifically on how displacement and resettlement affect social groups differently with regard to axes such as gender, class, caste and tribe, the articles show that disenfranchised groups are deemed dispensable and tend to be affected the most, and that women and children among them suffer disproportionately. Displaced by Development: Confronting Marginalisation and Gender Injustice argues that without differentiated analyses and programmes, displacement and resettlement will continue to intensify and perpetuate gender and social injustice. This work will hold the interest of a wide readership and will be a crucial source of information for those working in the areas of Gender and Social Policy, Economics and Development Studies, Sociology of Gender, Environment and Development, Migration Studies, Anthropology, and South Asian studies. It will also interest policy makers in development agencies, activists and non-governmental organisations concerned with forced displacement and migration issues.