Development and Evaluation of an Air Quality Modeling Approach for Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft Operating on Leaded Aviation Gasoline PDF Download
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Author: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781726114639
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 86
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Book Description
Development and Evaluation of an Air Quality Modeling Approach for Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft Operating on Leaded Aviation Gasoline
Author: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781726114639
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 86
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Book Description
Development and Evaluation of an Air Quality Modeling Approach for Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft Operating on Leaded Aviation Gasoline
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aircraft exhaust emissions
Languages : en
Pages : 76
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Book Description
Author: California. Legislature. Senate. Select Committee on Air Quality
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 184
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Book Description
Author: Haneen Khreis
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128181230
Category : Transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 650
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Book Description
Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP’s public health impacts Examines TRAP’s health effects at the population level Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects
Author: Stephen Neil Feinberg
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 166
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Book Description
Airborne lead (Pb) has been regulated as a criteria pollutant by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) since the Clean Air Act and its amendments in the 1970s. During the 1970s, atmospheric Pb emissions were dominated by the combustion of leaded automobile fuel and metals manufacturing. Over time, those emissions have decreased greatly and according to the EPA the largest emitter of Pb today is piston-engine aircraft. Additionally, in 2008 the EPA reduced the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for Pb by an order of magnitude. These combined factors served as the impetus for further study of general aviation Pb emissions by the EPA, local and regional air planning agencies, and airports. This dissertation is focused on characterizing Pb impacts at and around general aviation airports because of piston-engine aircraft activity. It includes a detailed analysis of Pb emissions and concentrations by both measurement and modeling. On-site particulate matter (PM) sampling was conducted at three general aviation airports across the United States with varying size, meteorological, and layout characteristics. Those airports were Richard Lloyd Jones Jr. Airport (RVS) in Tulsa, OK, Centennial Airport (APA) in Denver, CO, and Santa Monica Airport (SMO) in Santa Monica, CA. Airborne PM samples collected at these airports were digested and analyzed for Pb by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and a subset of samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to examine both Pb and Bromine (Br). Measurement data were used to characterize Pb at airports by examining differences in Pb concentrations at sampling locations upwind and downwind of piston-engine aircraft activity on the airport footprints. Specific analyses included upwind-downwind differences in total Pb concentrations, differences in Pb-Br correlations for samples with predicted high and low aircraft emissions impacts, and differences in Pb isotope ratios measured in the high and low impact samples. The analysis showed that Pb-Br correlation and especially Pb isotope ratios, could serve as markers for identifying Pb impacts from aircraft. Measured Pb concentrations were also used to validate the modeling performed as part of this work. Further analysis of Pb impacts was conducted by performing air dispersion modeling of Pb emissions at airports. Modeling of Pb impacts is critical because Pb measurements are usually only collected at a single or limited number of locations at or near an airport. Initially, Pb emissions at APA were modeled using the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Emission and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS), without having detailed information about aircraft activity at the airport. Subsequently, field campaigns were conducted at RVS, APA, and SMO to collect detailed on-site activity data and to characterize the aircraft fleet. These data were collected concurrently with the on-site Pb sampling. The airport-specific data collection was used to generate a spatially and temporally resolved emission inventory which was used as input to the EPA's AERMOD air dispersion model to estimate Pb concentration fields at and around each of the three airports. Modeled concentrations agreed well with measured values at RVS and SMO, while comparisons at APA were inferior but still acceptable by conventional air quality modeling permeance metrics. The modeling was also used to determine the aircraft operations most significantly contributing to Pb hotspots. The on-site data collection and air quality modeling framework was then applied to a fourth airport, Palo Alto Airport (PAO) in Palo Alto, CA. Data collection was conducted over a shorter period of time than the other airports. The modeled results at PAO showed excellent comparison to on-site concentrations measured by the local air agency, even though the data collection, other than total daily activity, did not occur at the same time as the modeled period. The model setups for RVS, SMO, and PAO were then used to evaluate two mitigation strategies: moving some activity areas away from others to reduce converging emissions; and replacing leaded aviation gasoline with motor vehicle gasoline in planes that are certified to use it. Moving activity areas significantly reduced maximum Pb concentrations at RVS and SMO with a smaller reduction at PAO, while using motor vehicle gasoline significantly reduced concentrations across the full airport footprints at all three airports.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 3
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Author: A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This AIR describes procedures for calculating emissions resulting from the main engines of commercial jet and turboprop aircraft through all modes of operation for all segments of a flight. Piston engine aircraft emissions are not included in this AIR. Some information about piston engine aircraft emissions can be found in FOCA 2007. The principal purpose of the procedures is to assist model developers in calculating aircraft emissions in a consistent and accurate manner that can be used to address various environmental assessments including those related to policy decisions and regulatory requirements.The pollutants considered in this document are: Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Total unburned Hydrocarbons (THC) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) Sulfur Oxides (SOx) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Methane (CH4) Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10)As indicated above, hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) are not individually accounted for; many of these are simply included as part of THC. Also, trace metals are not included other than those that may already be accounted for as part of PM emissions. Since the scope is limited to aircraft engine emissions only, emissions from Ground Service Equipment (GSE), roadway vehicles, power plants, training fires, etc., are not included within this document. Athough Auxilliary Power Units (APU), brakes, and tires are also part of the aircraft, their emissions (e.g., tire wear) are not within the scope of this document.The methods are based on aircraft performance and emissions modeling. This means that only the pollutants exiting the exhaust of an engine are considered. Any atmospheric effects including those that occur in the near-field (e.g., exhaust plume) and the subsequent atmospheric dispersion are not modeled. The exception to this is in the computation of PM emissions.In meeting the needs of modelers who may have varying fidelity requirements for both emissions and aircraft performance modeling, this document does not try to promote a single database and methodology. Therefore, several methods have been included in this document as indicated below with the emissions methods categorized by pollutants: Emissions Modeling Methods NOx, CO, and THC P3T3 Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 (BFFM2) Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft- and Raumfahrt (DLR) Method International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Reference Method CO2, H2O, and SOx Fuel Composition Method (FCM) VOC, NMVOC, CH4 and NMTHC Derivative Factor Method (DFM) N2O Approximate Factor Method (AFM) PM2.5 and PM10 First Order Approximation (FOA) Aircraft Performance Methods Aircraft performance data from flight data recorders Manufacturer aircraft performance models SAE AIR 1845 combined with Eurocontrol's Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) Eurocontrol's BADA Other aircraft performance models such as the Project Interactive Analysis and Optimisation (PIANO) toolBoth of these sets of emissions and aircraft performance methods are listed in the order in which they are presented in this document. And as previously indicated, the order generally denotes the level of accuracy where the first method in each section represents the most accurate method based on current understanding. The exceptions to this are:Emissions Methods BFFM2 DLRAircraft Performance SAE 1845 + BADA BADAThe ordering of these methods are arbitrary since they are considered comparable (e.g., BFFM2 is comparable to DLR). One other possible exception is the last listing under aircraft performance methods ("Other aircraft performance models"). The data from these other sources may be more accurate, comparable, or less accurate than the previously mentioned methods. This last category was added to include all other methods that were not based on manufacturer, SAE 1845, and BADA models.In order to provide a better understanding of the relative condition of these methods, they have been defined into development status (i.e., "mature" or "developing") and fidelity (i.e., "simple," "intermediate," or "advanced") categories as presented in Table 1. The "other" aircraft model category was not included in Table 1 since it is understood that it can be listed in any of the categories depending on which method/model is employed. The definitions for each of the categories are as follows: In modeling aircraft performance and emissions, the main focus is on a single flight. This includes the complete operation and movement of the aircraft from gate-to-gate: Main engine start-up Ground taxi-out and delay activities Takeoff: Runway roll Takeoff: Initial ascent Climbout En route/cruise Airborne delay activities Approach Landing roll Thrust reverser Ground taxi-in and delay activities Engine shut-downFor modeling purposes, these modes can generally be simplified so that they are equated to one of the four LTO modes. Depending on the method, the actual modeling of the gate-to-gate movement may involve a segment-by-segment approach where results can be integrated to obtain totals by mode and flight. Currently, the AIR does not address emissions during engine start-up and shut-down activities. Also, thrust reverse operations are not directly covered in this AIR. This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes procedures for calculating emissions resulting from operations of jet and turboprop aircraft through all modes of operation. The procedures assume that reference emissions and performance data are available for each airplane involved. The fundamental element of the procedures is a method for deriving emissions indices for an airplane when performing any specified operation for a segment of a flight. The principal purpose of using the procedures is to assist model developers in calculating aircraft emissions in a consistent and accurate manner that can be used to address various environmental assessments including those related to policy decisions and regulatory requirements.Rather than presenting one method, many viable methods are presented for both emissions and aircraft performance modeling with descriptions of the uncertainties involved. As a loose guide to the user, the methods are also ordered such that the most accurate methods are presented first in each section based on current understanding. This document is intended to be updated periodically. Hence, the methodology descriptions and uncertainty assessments will be modified accordingly as the various methods evolve and new information becomes available.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Lead Emissions from Piston-Powered General Aviation Aircraft
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780309256803
Category : Aircraft exhaust emissions
Languages : en
Pages : 161
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Book Description
Small gasoline-powered aircraft are the single largest emitter of lead in the United States, as other major emission sources such as automobile gasoline have been previously addressed. A highly toxic substance that can result in an array of negative health effects in humans, lead is added to aviation gasoline to meet the performance and safety requirements of a sizable portion of the country’s gasoline-powered aircraft. Significantly reducing lead emissions from gasoline-powered aircraft will require the leadership and strategic guidance of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and a broad-based and sustained commitment by other government agencies and the nation’s pilots, airport managers, aviation fuel and service suppliers, and aircraft manufacturers, according to a congressionally mandated report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. While efforts are underway to develop an unleaded aviation fuel that can be used by the entire gasoline-powered fleet, the uncertainty of success means that other steps should also be taken to begin reducing lead emissions and exposures, notes the report, titled TRB Special Report 336: Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft. Piston-engine aircraft are critical to performing general aviation (GA) functions like aerial observation, medical airlift, pilot training, and business transport. Other GA functions, such as crop dusting, aerial firefighting, search and rescue, and air taxi service, have particular significance to communities in rural and remote locations.
Author: Brian Y. Kim
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISBN: 0309258189
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 78
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Book Description
This report is a guide for airport operators on effective procedures for using air quality models in combination with on-site measurement equipment to prepare a comprehensive assessment of air pollutant concentrations in the vicinity of airports. It is designed to help practitioners generate information desired by local communities as they seek to develop more detailed local air quality assessments as well as respond to regulatory needs, including those of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The guide provides in-depth information on the capabilities and limitations of modeling and measurement tools, adding to an increasing knowledge base concerning preparation of air quality assessments near airports. Starting with the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) regulatory EDMS/AEDT, it describes how best to use available models, in combination with potential on-site monitoring programs, to conduct air quality assessments. Detailed information on the monitoring campaigns and modeling assessments is included in a set of appendices that accompany the guide. The appendices (available in CRP-CD-115) describe the models tested and the various equipment used to collect data, the rationale behind the selection of Washington Dulles International Airport as a case study application, and the components and steps involved in the measurement campaigns, and include an assessment of the various model outputs--
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aircraft exhaust emissions
Languages : en
Pages : 82
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Book Description
