Detection and Mapping of QTLs for Charcoal Rot Resistance and Yield Components in Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor (L.)Moonch) PDF Download
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Author: RAJKUMAR
Publisher:
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Languages : en
Pages : 164
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Author: RAJKUMAR
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 164
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Author: PUNNURI SM
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 146
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Author: K. Hussain Sahib
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 253
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Author: GURARAJA RAO M. R
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 292
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Author: R. Madhusudhana
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 8132224221
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 231
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This book provides an up-to-date overview of international research work on sorghum. Its comprehensive coverage of our current understanding of transgenic development in sorghum and the strategies that are being applied in molecular breeding make this book unique. Important areas such as genetic diversity, QTL mapping, heterosis prediction, genomic and bioinformatics resources, post-genome sequencing developments, molecular markers development using bioinformatics tools, genetic transformation and transgenic research are also addressed. The availability of the genome sequence along with other recent developments in sequencing and genotyping technologies has resulted in considerable advances in the area of sorghum genomics. These in turn have led to the generation of a large number of DNA-based markers and resulted in the identification and fine mapping of QTL associated with grain yield, its component traits, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance as well as grain quality traits in sorghum. Though a large volume of information has accumulated over the years, especially following the sequencing of the sorghum genome, until now it was not available in a single reference resource. This book fills that gap by documenting advances in the genomics and transgenic research in sorghum and presenting critical reviews and future prospects. “Sorghum Molecular Breeding” is an essential guide for students, researchers and managers who are involved in the area of molecular breeding and transgenic research in sorghum and plant biologists in general.
Author: Afsana Noor
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Charcoal rot (CR) of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is caused by the hemibiotrophic soilborne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (MP) and is an important pathogen in the midwestern United States. Complex molecular mechanisms underlie the interaction of MP with these two hosts, which impedes resistance breeding. To select for charcoal rot resistance, a thorough understanding of the host's physiological and molecular responses to MP along with screening of genotypes with resistance to CR is essential. To understand MP induced host's physiological and molecular responses, first we investigated MP-induced oxidative stress-mediated senescence by using the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger ascorbic acid in soybean seedlings. Three soybean isolates of MP were tested for their sensitivity to ascorbic acid using an in-vitro assay. An in-planta soybean cut-stem assay was used for the exogenous application of ascorbic acid (oxidized and reduced form) following inoculation with MP. A ROS (H2O2) quantification assay was used to validate H2O2 induced by MP and ascorbic acid pre-treatment. All three MP isolates were sensitive to ascorbic acid concentrations of ≥15 mM. Ascorbic acid (10mM) pre-treatment following MP inoculation reduced CR lesion length compared to inoculated treatment. MP induced a significantly higher H2O2 than ascorbic acid pre-treated inoculated plant. Second, through comparative transcriptomics, MP-resistant and susceptible soybean genotypes revealed contrasted responses to MP-induced senescence. Gene Ontology and pathway analysis showed MP-induced receptor kinase like genes in both genotypes while down-regulated defense related antioxidant, hormonal, and other metabolic pathways in both genotypes. Ascorbic acid pre-treatment induced a more significant number of photosynthesis genes in both genotypes. Hydrogen peroxide pre-treatment following inoculation showed up-regulation of oxidative stress responsive pathways while down-regulated photosynthesis and hormonal signal transduction pathways. Third, the NAM phenotyping for CR resistance results of location- and year-wise data showed strong genotype by environment interactions. Overall, using MP screening, charcoal rot resistance phenotyping in the NAM parental lines revealed the genotype SC1103 as the most resistant line and Segaolane and Macia as the most susceptible. The SC1103 NAM family-derived population can be used for charcoal rot resistance in association studies to map charcoal rot resistance.
Author: Adedayo Adeyanju
Publisher:
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Languages : en
Pages :
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Fusarium stalk rot and charcoal rot caused by Fusarium thapsinum and Macrophomina phaseolina respectively are devastating global diseases in sorghum that lead to severe quality and yield loss each year. In this study, three sets of interrelated experiments were conducted that will potentially lead to the development of resistance based control option to these diseases. The first experiment was aimed at identifying sources of resistance to infection by M. phaseolina and F. thapsinum in a diverse panel of 300 sorghum genotypes. The genotypes were evaluated in three environments following artificial inoculation. Out of a total of 300 genotypes evaluated, 95 genotypes were found to have resistance to M. phaseolina and 77 to F. thapsinum of which 53 genotypes were resistant to both pathogens. In the second experiment, a set of 79,132 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers were used in an association study to identify genomic regions underlying stalk rot resistance using a multi-locus mixed model association mapping approach. We identified 14 loci associated with stalk rot and a set of candidate genes that appear to be involved in connected functions controlling plant defense response to stalk rot resistance. The associated SNPs accounted for 19-30% of phenotypic variation observed within and across environments. An analysis of associated allele frequencies within the major sorghum subpopulations revealed enrichment for resistant alleles in the durra and caudatum subpopulations compared with other subpopulations. The findings suggest a complicated molecular mechanism of resistance to stalk rots. The objective of the third experiment was to determine the functional relationship between stay-green trait, leaf dhurrin and soluble sugar levels and resistance to stalk rot diseases. Fourteen genotypic groups derived from a Tx642 × Tx7000 RIL population carrying combinations of stay-green quantitative trait loci were evaluated under three environments in four replications. The stg QTL had variable effects on stalk rot disease. Genotypes carrying stg1, stg3, stg1,3 and stg1,2,3,4 expressed good levels of resistance to M. phaseolina but the combination of stg1 and stg3 was required to express the same level of resistance to F. thapsinum. Other stg QTL blocks such as stg2 and stg4 did not have any impact on stalk rot resistance caused by both pathogens. There were no significant correlations between leaf dhurrin, soluble sugar concentration, and resistance to any of the pathogens.
Author: Y. M. Ananda Yapa Bandara
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Charcoal rot, caused by the necrotrophic fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., is an important disease in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The molecular interactions between sorghum and M. phaseolina are poorly understood. In this study, a large-scale RNA-Seq experiment and four follow-up functional experiments were conducted to understand the molecular basis of charcoal rot resistance and/or susceptibility in sorghum. In the first experiment, stalk mRNA was extracted from charcoal-rot-resistant (SC599) and susceptible (Tx7000) genotypes and subjected to RNA sequencing. Upon M. phaseolina inoculation, 8560 genes were differentially expressed between the two genotypes, out of which 2053 were components of 200 known metabolic pathways. Many of these pathways were significantly up-regulated in the susceptible genotype and are thought to contribute to enhanced pathogen nutrition and virulence, impeded host basal immunity, and reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS)-mediated host cell death. The paradoxical hormonal regulation observed in pathogen-inoculated Tx7000 was characterized by strongly upregulated salicylic acid and down-regulated jasmonic acid pathways. These findings provided useful insights into induced host susceptibility in response to this necrotrophic fungus at the whole-genome scale. The second experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamics of host oxidative stress under pathogen infection. Results showed M. phaseolina's ability to significantly increase the ROS and RNS content of two charcoal-rot-susceptible genotypes, Tx7000 and BTx3042. Over-accumulation of nitric oxide (NO) in stalk tissues in the pathogen-inoculated susceptible genotypes was confirmed using a NO-specific fluorescent probe and confocal microscopy. Significantly increased malondialdehyde content confirmed the enhanced oxidative stress experienced by the susceptible genotypes after pathogen inoculation. These findings suggested the contribution of oxidative stress-associated induced cell death on charcoal rot susceptibility under infection. In the third functional experiment, the behavior of the sorghum antioxidant system after pathogen inoculation was investigated. M. phaseolina significantly increased the glutathione s- transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and peroxidase activities of the susceptible genotypes (Tx7000, BTx3042) but not in the resistant genotypes (SC599, SC35). Increased activities of these enzymes in susceptible genotypes may contribute to reduced oxidative stress thus lowering charcoal rot susceptibility. The fourth functional experiment was designed to quantify induced host-derived cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) using crude enzyme mixtures from stalks. A gel diffusion assay revealed significantly increased pectinesterase activity in pathogen-inoculated Tx7000 and BTx3042 while significantly increased polygalacturonase activity was determined by absorbance. Fluorimetric determination of cell extracts revealed significantly increased cellulose degrading enzyme activity in M. phaseolina-inoculated Tx7000 and BTx3042. These findings revealed the pathogen's ability to promote charcoal rot susceptibility in grain sorghum through induced host CWDEs. The last functional study was designed to profile the stalk tissue lipidome of Tx7000 and SC599 after M. phaseolina inoculation using automated direct infusion electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). M. phaseolina significantly decreased the phytosterol, phosphatidylserine, and ox-lipid contents in Tx7000 while significantly increasing stigmasterol:sitosterol ratio. Except for ox-lipid content, none of the above was significantly affected in resistant SC599. Results suggested the lethal impacts of M. phaseolina inoculation on plastid- and cell- membrane integrity and the lipid-based signaling capacity of Tx7000. Findings shed light on the host lipid classes that contribute to induced charcoal rot susceptibility in grain sorghum.
Author: Sivakumar Sukumaran
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Knowledge of the genetic bases of grain quality traits will complement plant breeding efforts to improve the end use value of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The objective of the first experiment was to assess marker-trait associations for 10 grain quality traits through candidate gene association mapping on a diverse panel of 300 sorghum accessions. The 10 grain quality traits were measured using the single kernel characterization system (SKCS) and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). The analysis of the accessions through 1,290 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) separated the panel into five subpopulations that corresponded to three major sorghum races (durra, kafir, and caudatum), one intermediate race (guinea-caudatum), and one working group (zerazera/caudatum). Association analysis between 333 SNPs in candidate genes/loci and grain quality traits resulted in eight significant marker-trait associations. A SNP in starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) gene was associated with kernel hardness (KH) with a likelihood ratio-based R2 (R[subscript]L[subscript]R2) value of 0.08. SNPs in starch synthase (SSIIb) gene (R[subscript]L[subscript]R2 = 0.10) and loci pSB1120 (R[subscript]L[subscript]R2 = 0.09) was associated with starch content. Sorghum is a crop well adapted to the semi arid regions of the world and my harbor genes for drought tolerance. The objective of second experiment was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for yield potential and drought tolerance. From a cross between Tx436 (food grain type) and 00MN7645 (drought tolerant) 248 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed. Multi-location trials were conducted in 8 environments to evaluate agronomic performance of the RILs under favorable and drought stress conditions. The 248 RILs and their parents were genotyped by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). A subset of 800 SNPs was used for linkage map construction and QTL detection. Composite interval mapping identified a major QTLs for grain yield in chromosome 8 and QTL for flowering time in chromosome 9 under favorable conditions. Three major QTLs were detected for grain yield in chromosomes 1, 6, and 8 and two flowering time QTLs on chromosome 1 under drought conditions. Six QTLs were identified for stay green: two on chromosome 4; one each on chromosome 5, 6, 7, and 10 under drought conditions.
Author: Adsul S S.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 15
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