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Author: Blair Jeffrey Cox
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 356
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Book Description
There is growing need for technologies to displace traditional petroleum resources. Towards this goal, lignocellulosic biomass is seen as a potential renewable resource for the production of fuels and commodity chemicals. One of the most difficult components of lignocellulose to process is lignin, which is a complex, amorphous aromatic polymer that acts as one of the structural components in plants. Ionic liquids are a class of compounds that are composed completely of anions and cations that, in some cases, can completely dissolve lignocellulosic biomass. The research performed for this dissertation aims to advance the technologies of lignocellulose processing through effective depolymerization of lignin in ionic liquids. Lignin fragments from this depolymerization could be used as a feedstock for further processing into aromatic commodity chemicals or polymers. Additionally, by removing lignin, biomass becomes much more accessible to enzymatic or chemical saccharification as a step towards fermentation into ethanol or other fuels. Both base and acid catalyzed methods were explored, although the base promoted depolymerization of lignin in ionic liquids did not show much promise, as the reaction was never shown to be catalytic. Acidic routes towards lignin depolymerization were more successful. Using the acidic ionic liquid 1-H-3-methylimiazolium chloride, the ether linkages in lignin model compounds could be hydrolyzed with high yields. This technology was also applicable to the whole lignin macromolecule. The mechanisms of this reaction, as well as the effects on lignin were explored with various neutral and acidic ionic liquids, using HPLC, GPC, NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry for analysis of samples. To demonstrate the applications of this technique, pine wood was treated with the acidic ionic liquids to open the structure of the wood to enzymatic saccharification through the removal of lignin and hemicellulose.
Author: Blair Jeffrey Cox
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 356
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Book Description
There is growing need for technologies to displace traditional petroleum resources. Towards this goal, lignocellulosic biomass is seen as a potential renewable resource for the production of fuels and commodity chemicals. One of the most difficult components of lignocellulose to process is lignin, which is a complex, amorphous aromatic polymer that acts as one of the structural components in plants. Ionic liquids are a class of compounds that are composed completely of anions and cations that, in some cases, can completely dissolve lignocellulosic biomass. The research performed for this dissertation aims to advance the technologies of lignocellulose processing through effective depolymerization of lignin in ionic liquids. Lignin fragments from this depolymerization could be used as a feedstock for further processing into aromatic commodity chemicals or polymers. Additionally, by removing lignin, biomass becomes much more accessible to enzymatic or chemical saccharification as a step towards fermentation into ethanol or other fuels. Both base and acid catalyzed methods were explored, although the base promoted depolymerization of lignin in ionic liquids did not show much promise, as the reaction was never shown to be catalytic. Acidic routes towards lignin depolymerization were more successful. Using the acidic ionic liquid 1-H-3-methylimiazolium chloride, the ether linkages in lignin model compounds could be hydrolyzed with high yields. This technology was also applicable to the whole lignin macromolecule. The mechanisms of this reaction, as well as the effects on lignin were explored with various neutral and acidic ionic liquids, using HPLC, GPC, NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry for analysis of samples. To demonstrate the applications of this technique, pine wood was treated with the acidic ionic liquids to open the structure of the wood to enzymatic saccharification through the removal of lignin and hemicellulose.
Author: Yuhe Liao
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527839852
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 498
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Book Description
Lignin Chemistry A thorough reference guide to Lignin Chemistry, from inherent structure revealing to transformation into chemicals, fuels, and materials Climate change, driven by rising greenhouse gas emissions, is the defining challenge of our time. Reducing our dependence on non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels will require alternative, more sustainable resources. Lignin, the only widely-occurring, renewable, aromatic bio-polymer in Nature, has a range of application potential in the production of chemicals, fuels, and other industrial materials. Lignin science has become one of the fastest-growing and most significant areas of sustainable chemistry in the world. Lignin Chemistry: Characterization, Isolation, and Valorization presents a systematic, multidisciplinary overview of this cutting-edge field and its current state of research. Beginning with a robust characterization of lignin, the book addresses the isolation and transformation of lignin, as well as the book inspires with a plethora of applications. The result is a critical resource for researchers and professionals in any area of academic or industry where renewable biomass, in particular lignin, has importance. Lignin Chemistry readers will find: Thermochemical and catalytic strategies for lignin conversion Detailed discussion of the valorization of lignin towards biopolymers, nanoparticles, carbon fibers and materials, and hydrogels An authorial team with immense and varied research experience Lignin Chemistry is ideal for chemical engineers, catalytic chemists, biochemists, material scientists, and analytical chemists in industry.
Author: Manish Srivastava
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811618887
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 173
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Book Description
This volume is fifth part of the five-part set on bioenergy research. This edited volume provides sustainable solution for all existing roadblocks in commercial bioenergy production. The book focuses on different types of obstacles involved in various bioenergy operations with detail remedy of the issue in a sustainable way. In spite of having number of potential advantages, all available bioenergy options are still far from smooth practical applicability, due to which they are still in pipeline phase to replace the fossil fuels. This book brings together the integrative approach to the readers, to connect with more viable bioenergy type on commercial scale, the existing issues and the feasible approaches to eliminate the bottlenecks in the process. Further, the book also uncovers the untouched area of bioenergy production technology by bringing forth unconventional methods, processes and parameters, which have scope to enhance biofuel production technology by “Lab to Land” methods. The book highlights aspect which are less studied or are very new in their industrial application of bioenergy production. The book presents relevant reading material for global researchers, academic institutions, research students, teachers, scientist as well as industries. Other four volumes of this set explore basic concepts, latest progress, commercial opportunities and bio-waste to energy conversion.
Author: Zhen Fang
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400777116
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 343
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Book Description
The application of ionic liquids to biomass for producing biofuels and chemicals will be one of the hot research areas during the next decade due to the fascinating properties of these versatile group of solvents that allow them to dissolve lignocellulosic materials. The present text provides up-to-date fundamentals, state-of-the-art reviews, current assessments and prospects in this area, including aspects of pretreatment, fermentation, biomass dissolution, cellulose transformation, reaction kinetics and physical properties, as well as the subsequent production of biofuels and platform chemicals such as sugars, aldehydes and acids. Auxiliary methods such as catalysis, microwave and enzymatic techniques used in the transformations are covered. Both researchers and practitioners are certain to find a wealth of information in the individual chapters, which were written by experts in the field to provide an essential basis for assessing possible pretreatment and transformation routes of biomass using ionic liquids, and for developing new methods and chemical processes. Dr. Zhen Fang is Professor of Bioenergy, head of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Biomass Group, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden and is also an Adjunct Professor of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China. Dr. Richard L Smith, Jr. is Professor of Chemical Engineering at the Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Japan. Dr. Xinhua Qi is Professor of Environmental Science at Nankai University, China.
Author: Suojiang Zhang
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9813342218
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1391
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Book Description
The encyclopedia consists 13 subareas as follows: 1: Synthesis and Characterisation of Ionic Liquids (Section Editors: Prof. Fu-Wei Li and Prof. Zhen Li) 2: Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids (Section Editors: Asso. Prof. Qing Zhou, Prof. Xingmei Lu and Prof. Xiaoyan Ji) 3: Computational and Theoretical Modeling of Ionic Liquids (Section Editors: Prof. Guang Feng and Prof. Peter T. Cummings) 4: Toxicology and Biodegradation of Ionic Liquids (Section Editors: Prof. Chunxi Li and Prof. Stefan Stolte) 5: Ionic Liquids in Electrochemistry (Section Editors: Prof. Yingying Lu, Prof. Houlong Zhuang and Prof. Chuan Zhao) 6. Ionic Liquids in Organic Reaction (Section Editors: Prof. Liang-Nian He and Prof. Bhalchandra M. Bhanage) 7. Ionic Liquids in Separation (Section Editors: Prof. Huabin Xing) 8. Ionic Liquids in Biomass and Biomolecules (Section Editors: Prof. Toshiyuki Itoh and Prof. Jian Sun) 9. Ionic Liquids in Materials Science (Section Editors: Prof. Sheng Dai and Prof. Tao Wang) 10. Ionic Liquids in Polymer Science (Section Editors: Asso. Prof. Jinming Zhang and Prof. Jun Zhang) 11. Ionic Liquids in Environmental Science (Section Editors: Prof. Tiancheng Mu, Prof. Arunprakash T. Karunanithi and Prof. Yingxiong Wang) 12. Ionic Liquids in Green Chemistry (Section Editors: Prof. Buxing Han and Prof. Peter Licence) 13. Emerging Applications of Ionic Liquids (Pharmacology, Food Science, Agriculture, Nuclear Science Technology, Optics) (Section Editors: Prof. Zhonghao Li and Prof. Maya Guncheva) This encyclopedia is systematic and comprehensive, with detailed descriptions about theory, technology, and industrial applications. This encyclopedia is valuable for students, researchers and industrial players, giving them a quick understanding and overview of ionic liquids in various aspects.
Author: Michael Freemantle
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1849737053
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 297
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Book Description
In the late 1990s, there was an explosion of research on ionic liquids and they are now a major topic of academic and industrial interest with numerous existing and potential applications. Since then, the number of scientific papers focusing on ionic liquids has risen exponentially, including a few edited multi-author books covering the latest advances in ionic liquids chemistry and several volumes of symposium proceedings. Much of the content in these books and volumes is written using technical jargon that only scientists at the cutting edge of ionic liquids research will understand and ionic liquids are hardly covered in most modern chemistry textbooks. This is the first single-author book on ionic liquids and the first introductory book on the topic. It is written in a clear, concise and consistent way. The book provides a useful introduction to ionic liquids for those readers who are not familiar with the topic. It is also wide ranging, embracing every aspect of the chemistry and applications of ionic liquids. The book draws extensively on the primary scientific literature to provide numerous examples of research on ionic liquids. These examples will enable the reader to become familiar with the key developments in ionic liquids chemistry over recent years. The book provides an introduction to: ionic liquids; their nomenclature; history; physical, chemical and biological properties; and their wide ranging uses and potential applications in catalysis, electrochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, analysis, biotechnology, green chemistry and clean technology. Notable and important chapters include "The Green Credentials of Ionic Liquids" and "Biotechnology." The chapter on "Applications" includes sections with brief descriptions of recent research on the development of ionic liquids: - for the construction of a liquid mirror for a moon telescope - for use as rocket propellants - for use as antimicrobial agents that combat MRSA - as active pharmaceutical ingredients and antiviral drugs - for embalming and tissue preservation Science students, researchers, teachers in academic institutions and chemists and other scientists in industry and government laboratories will find the book an invaluable introduction to one of the most rapidly advancing and exciting fields of science and technology today.
Author: Nour Shafik El-Gendy
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119785359
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 514
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Book Description
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION This first volume in a broad, comprehensive two-volume set, Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, concentrates on the role of waste management in solving pollution problems and the value-added products that can be created out of waste, turning a negative into an environmental and economic positive. Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems facing our world today, in every country, region, and even down to local landfills. Not just solving these problems, but turning waste into products, even products that can make money, is a huge game-changer in the world of environmental engineering. Finding ways to make fuel and other products from solid waste, setting a course for the production of future biorefineries, and creating a clean process for generating fuel and other products are just a few of the topics covered in the groundbreaking new first volume in the two-volume set, Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution. The valorization of waste, including the creation of biofuels, turning waste cooking oil into green chemicals, providing sustainable solutions for landfills, and many other topics are also covered in this extensive treatment on the state of the art of this area in environmental engineering. This groundbreaking new volume in this forward-thinking set is the most comprehensive coverage of all of these issues, laying out the latest advances and addressing the most serious current concerns in environmental pollution. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this is a must-have for any library. AUDIENCE Petroleum, chemical, process, and environmental engineers, other scientists and engineers working in the area of environmental pollution, and students at the university and graduate level studying these areas
Author: Pratima Bajpai
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1394191634
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 260
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Book Description
Enables readers to convert lignin using a variety of depolymerization methods and develop it into industrially relevant and functional compounds Depolymerization of Lignin to Produce Value Added Chemicals summarizes the depolymerization and utilization of lignin from different sources and covers the emerging field of biological depolymerization, enabling the reader to identify the high added value of a biomass residue and support him/her in its possible use for mass and niche high impact application sectors. Lignin has great potential to significantly improve the economics of a biorefinery due to its conversion into value-added products. To illustrate, this book includes information on: Feasibility of large-scale implementation of covered technologies, including thermal, biological, and chemical depolymerization, especially in relation to potential industrial applications "Lignin-first" biorefining approach, and potential applications of lignin-derived monomers and their derivatives as bioactives in food, natural health products, and pharmaceuticals Business and market scenarios and challenges that intersect with lignin, along with perspectives on lignin valorization Benefits and drawbacks of a lignin-first approach to biorefining, and techno-economic considerations of lignin and its applications Depolymerization of Lignin to Produce Value Added Chemicals is an essential resource for researchers, chemists, engineers, analysts, and consultants within universities, independent research organizations, and government.
Author: Matheus Poletto
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9535139010
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 310
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Book Description
Lignin - Trends and Applications consists of 11 chapters related to the lignin structure, modification, depolymerization, degradation process, computational modeling, and applications. This is a useful book for readers from diverse areas, such as physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering. It is expected that this book may expand the reader's knowledge about this complex natural polymer.
Author: Pablo Domínguez de María
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118158741
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 356
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Book Description
This book addresses the use of ionic liquids in biotransformation and organocatalysis. Its major parts include: an overview of the fundamentals of ionic liquids and their interactions with proteins and enzymes; the use of ILs in biotransformations; non-solvent applications such as additives, membranes, substrate anchoring, and the use of ILs in organocatalysis (from solvents to co-catalysts and new reactivities, as well as non-solvent applications such as anchoring and immobilization).
