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Author: Dean S. Debell
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9780331331806
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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Book Description
Excerpt from Control of Red Alder by Cutting The study consisted of 20 installations and was established as a split-plot design. The main plot treatments were month of cut and tree age; the subplot treatments were height and angle of cutting. One installation of each tree age (4, 6, 8, and 10 years) was established in the Forest each month from May through September 1984. The ages of trees to be cut in each installation were randomly assigned to each of the four Ranger Districts; resident silviculturists then located appropriate areas for plots (table At each installation, 60 stumps were cut level, 20 each at heights of 10, 20, and 30 centimeters. Angled cuts were made on 20 stumps at each installa tion; the cut was an average of 20 centimeters in height and was slanted at 45° to either the northeast (10 stumps) or southwest (10 stumps). All cuts were made with chain saws. This design provided a statistical test of the main effects of month of cut, tree age, and cutting treatment on various sprouting characteristics. It also provided a test of the interactions between cutting treatments and age and between cutting treatments and month of cut (table The tree age x month of cut interaction was assumed to be insignificant, and this interaction served as the error estimate to test main-plot effects (age and month of cut). This assumption was subsequently verified with Tukey's single degree of freedom test for nonadditivity (steel and Torrie The second-order interaction among the three principal factors was not assessed because such a design would have expanded the study beyond available resources. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Dean S. Debell
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9780331332360
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 20
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Book Description
Excerpt from Control of Red Alder by Cutting The study consisted of 20 installations and was established as a split-plot design. The main plot treatments were month of cut and tree age; the subplot treatments were height and angle of cutting. One installation of each tree age (4, 6, 8, and 10 years) was established in the Forest each month from May through September 1984. The ages of trees to be cut in each installation were randomly assigned to each of the four Ranger Districts; resident silviculturists then located appropriate areas for plots (table At each installation, 60 stumps were cut level, 20 each at heights of 10, 20, and 30 centimeters. Angled cuts were made on 20 stumps at each installa tion; the cut was an average of 20 centimeters in height and was slanted at 45° to either the northeast (10 stumps) or southwest (10 stumps). All cuts were made with chain saws. This design provided a statistical test of the main effects of month of cut, tree age, and cutting treatment on various sprouting characteristics. It also provided a test of the interactions between cutting treatments and age and between cutting treatments and month of cut (table The tree age x month of cut interaction was assumed to be insignificant, and this interaction served as the error estimate to test main-plot effects (age and month of cut). This assumption was subsequently verified with Tukey's single degree of freedom test for nonadditivity (steel and Torrie The second-order interaction among the three principal factors was not assessed because such a design would have expanded the study beyond available resources. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Dean S. DeBell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Red alder
Languages : en
Pages : 10
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Book Description
Author: Herman M. Johnson
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9780265849064
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 52
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Book Description
Excerpt from Red Alder of the Pacific Northwest: Its Utilization, With Notes on Growth and Management It should be recognized that thoroughly reliable data on the sup ply and distribution of red alder can be obtained only by a thorough going survey, something that has never been attempted. Certain general regions where the tree reaches its best development are known, and timbermen and farmers as a result of their observations are in a position to point out other localities. For more detailed in formation, however, those desiring a supply of alder stumpage are put to the necessity of making their own surveys. Single compact logging units containing board feet of merchantable alder, or alder that will produce logs of the size shown in Figure 1, do not seem to be numerous. Units containing board feet, however, are of frequent occurrence. Areas extending for several miles along streams will sometimes cut out more than feet, but they are exceptional. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Norman P. Worthington
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9780331442533
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 52
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Book Description
Excerpt from Red Alder, Its Management and Utilization Alder grows both in pure stands and in mixture with native coni fers and hardwoods. When growing in mixture, it is nearly always in a dominant or codominant position. Stands are predominantly even aged, whether pure or mixed, since alder is usually the first tree to originate in openings. Because of its intolerance, it rarely fills in after a stand has been established. Mixtures occur only in young-growth coniferous stands less than 100 years old; however, alder may occur in openings in older stands. Only on sites best suited for alder growth does it succeed itself. Characteristic tree associates are Douglas-fir,3 western redcedar, western hemlock, grand fir, Sitka spruce, bigleaf maple, vine maple, Pacific willow, bitter cherry, and black cottonwood. Given time, conifers will often attain dominance as the alder canopy breaks up because of age, disease, or insects. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: James Gibson Yoho
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9781390412253
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 52
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Book Description
Excerpt from The Economics of Converting Red Alder to Douglas-Fir A premise of this study is that the forest manager sees red alder as a problem. Compared with Douglas-fir, red alder is a Johnny - come-lately that many foresters feel is unworthy of serious consideration. Others consider the species to be a real economic windfall. In any case, we are here interested in developing analytical approaches that will permit managers to make rational decisions regarding the retention or replacement of red alder stands. Conversion of a young red alder stand to Douglas-fir requires a relatively large capital outlay that may be wholly or partially avoided by a few years' wait for the stand to reach merchantable size. The length of this waiting period de pends on the productivity of the site. The financial returns depend on the direct costs of conversion, management costs, the anticipated harvesting regime, fu ture prices, and the firm's Opportunity cost of capital. Thus, the two simple alternatives of retaining red alder or converting to Douglas-fir lead to numerous investment management possibilities. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Constance A. Harrington
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9780260477484
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 26
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Book Description
Excerpt from Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Red Alder In each stand, four to six dominant or codominant trees were selected that appeared free from evidence of past damage. These were felled and sectioned at -m intervals of height. The sections were labeled in the field with tree number and section height and then transported to the laboratory for immediate processing. Age of each section was determined by counting annual rings. When necessary, sections were sanded or recut to expose a fresh surface. For each tree, heights were plotted over ages, and trees with irregular growth patterns suggesting past damage or suppression were rejected. For the remaining 1 17 trees, the years required to reach breast height m) and the heights attained at ages 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, were read from the graphs and used in subsequent analyses. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Donald Thomas Lester
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9780331404289
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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Excerpt from Geographic Variation in Red Alder Because all seedlings of some provenances were obtained from very small areas (for example, less than ha), they may represent a small portion of the gene pool at that general location. Procedures used to sample the local populations would thus tend to reduce variability within a provenance and may exaggerate differences among provenances. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Carl M. Berntsen
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9780364550717
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Excerpt from Growth and Development of Red Alder Compared With Conifers in 30-Year Old Stands Early interest in the management of red alder in the coastal forests of Oregon and Washington stimulated the start, in 1935, of a long-term stand-growth and development study. Two 1 - acre plots and two half-acre plots were established on abandoned cleared land where 8 to 12-year-old stands of red alder and conifers were developing. The conifer component consisted of a mixture of Douglas-fir, Sitka Spruce, and western hemlock. Selections and treatments brought about diversified composition of the experimental stands, . As follows: (1) pure alder, unthinned, (2) mixed alder-conifer, unthinned, (3) pure alder, thinned from an alder-conifer stand at age 11 years, and (4) p'ure conifer, thinned from an alder-conifer stand at age 8. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Robert H. Ruth
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 12
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Author: Norman P. Worthington
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9780331371932
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 20
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Excerpt from Silvical Characteristics of Red Alder Red alder glnus rubraiis the largest species of the genus and a leading hardwood throughout its range. It is the most important hardwood of the Pacific Northwest and coastal Alaska. Alnus (a genus of the birch family) is from the classical Latin name for the tree Occurring in groups or dense groves along water courses and sheltered coves, red alder is a typical tree of lowlands, river valleys, and moist mountain slopes along the Pacific slope (fig. Throughout its range, small groups of red alder break the monotony of deep coniferous forests (4) with their smooth, tapering boles often in clining outward toward the light, and their short dome-shaped crowns. Red alder is also known as Pacific Coast alder, Oregon alder, and western alder. Its range is confined to the Pacific Coast region from southeastern Alaska to western British Columbia, and south through western Washington and western Oregon to Santa Barbara in southern California (17) (fig. Red alder seldom occurs farther inland than 100 m_i - les or above 2, 500 feet elevation. Existing stands are estimated to contain 12. 5 billion board-feet, of which 90 percent is in Washington and Oregon. Principal uses of alder wood, listed in order of importance are: pulp and paper, furniture, fuel, and interior finish. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
