Author: Philip M. McDonald
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Plant competition
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
Planted ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. var. ponderosa) seedlings in young plantations in California are at a disadvantage compared with competing shrubs, forbs, and grasses. In many instances, roots of competing plants begin expanding and exploiting the soil earlier and in greater numbers, thereby capturing the majority of available resources and lowering pine survival and growth. Competition thresholds or "how much is too much?" are: for treatments where a cleared radius is prescribed, no weeds are acceptable within the space needed for maximum growth of pine seedlings during the establishment period; for treatments involving the entire area, crown cover values of 10 to 30 percent seem to be the level beyond which shrub competition significantly affects pine growth. Methods for preparing the site, which include mechanical and chemical methods, use of fire, and combinations of treatments, show the interaction of site and ensuing vegetation. Techniques for controlling competing vegetation from seed include preventing such plants from getting started by use of preemergent herbicides or mats (collars). To prevent sprouting, hardwood trees and large shrubs can be pushed over, thereby getting the root crown out of the ground, or if still in the soil, grinding it out with a machine. Once present, the effect of weeds from seed can be minimized by grubbing or spraying when young, by grazing plants with cattle or sheep, or by introducing plants of low competitive ability. Once sprouting weeds are present, their effect can be minimized by spraying with chemicals, or if palatable, by grazing with cattle or sheep. Costs range from as low as $10 per acre ($25/ha) for aerially applying herbicides to $711 per acre ($1757/ha) for grinding out tanoak stumps.
Author: Philip M. McDonald
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Forest management
Languages : en
Pages : 16
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Book Description
Foresters often need information on the cost effectiveness of manual and chemical release treatments for individual and combined species in young mixed-shrub communities. A study in northern Califomia evaluated five manual and chemical treatments and their effect on several shrubs and grasses. Treatments were grubbing at age 1 to 2- and 4 ft (0.6- and 1.2-m) radii, regrubbing and expanding the 2-ft radii to 4 ft, regrubbing and expanding the 4-ft radii to 6 A (1.8 m) at age 4, and applying Velpar herbicide to the entire plot at age 2. Five years after initial manual release and 4 years after chemical release, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. var. ponderosa) stem caliper at 12 in. (30 cm) above mean ground line differed significantly between Velpar and the untreated control, 2-ft radius, 4-ft radius, and 2-ft radius expanded to 4 ft. Expanding the radius from 4 to 6 feet provided a pine stem caliper that differed significantly from that in the control, and the 2-ft and 4-ft radii treatments. Additional analyses with ponderosa pine seedling height also indicated significant differences among treatmenu that were generally similar to those above. Differences among the six treatments, which are presented in 15 comparisons of stem caliper and treatment production rates, provide forest managers with growth and cost comparisons, and should aid them in selecting the release treatment best suited to their particular situation.
Author: Gary Fiddler
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ponderosa pine
Languages : en
Pages : 12
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Author: Philip M. McDonald
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ponderosa pine
Languages : en
Pages : 24
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Author: William W. Oliver
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ponderosa pine
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
Yields for high-survival, unthinned ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) plantations in northern California are estimated. Stems of 367 trees in 12 plantations were analyzed to produce a growth model simulating stand yields. Diameter, basal area, and net cubic volume yields by Site Indices, 40 through 120 are tabulated for stands ranging in age between 10 and 50 years and in spacing between 6 by 6 and 12 by 12 feet. Tables also show diameter distributions by crown classes and stem volumes in cubic feet for plantation-grown ponderosa pine. These data provide both a standard with which to compare the effects of management decisions, and a performance goal.
Author: Philip M. McDonald
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Forests and forestry
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Author: Gary Fiddler
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Forests and forestry
Languages : en
Pages : 20
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Author: Howard Loewenstein
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ponderosa pine
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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Author: Michael G. Harrington
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ponderosa pine
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Author: Marvin W. Foiles
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ponderosa pine
Languages : en
Pages : 54
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Book Description