Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 42
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Book Description
Evidence indicates that Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) involve atypical neural connectivity of multiple networks. Recent studies indicate atypical connectivity (structural and functional) between cortex and subcortex, including thalamo-cortical and cerebello-cortical connections. Those findings showed increased connectivity for somatomotor and limbic circuitry, but decreased connectivity for multimodal circuitry, possibly from overdevelopment of earlier maturing somatomotor and limbic cortico-subcortical circuits. We investigated structural connections between the cerebral cortex and striatum for a similar pattern of atypical structural connectivity, since the striatum has distinct inputs from the limbic, somatomotor, and multimodal domains. The striatum is crucial to motor function, reward systems, and higher order cognition, and is known to be affected in ASDs. We utilized archival MRI and behavioral data acquired as part of an ongoing study examining 49 children with ASDs and 49 typically developing (TD) children (7–17 years) matched on age, gender, non-verbal IQ, and in-scanner head motion. We examined structural connectivity between striatum and cortex using probabilistic diffusion tractography to estimate projections from the frontal lobe (limbic, somatomotor, and multimodal target regions) and posterior lobes to the striatum. Connectivity-based seed classification was performed to determine distribution of streamlines connecting with each of the cortical regions, creating a histogram map of the striatum. Hard segmentation was performed on the maps to classify each voxel based on the cortical region that had the highest number of streamlines in the participant’s maps, creating one image per subject where all targets were represented categorically. Probabilistic tractography revealed group differences in frontal limbic-striatal (mean diffusivity; ASD>TD) and temporo-striatal tracts (radial diffusivity; ASD>TD), as well as brain-behavior correlations in the ASD group (limbic-striatal tract with ADI social sub-scale, temporo-striatal tract with BRIEF II sub-scales). Seed classification analyses revealed group differences in the striatal distribution of somatomotor-striatal and temporo-striatal connections. Hard segmentation revealed a group difference (ASD>TD) in multimodal-striatal parcel volume, and correlation between the parieto-striatal parcel volume and the SRS awareness sub-scale in the ASD group. Overall, our results suggest that domain-specific patterns of structural connectivity of the striatum in ASDs may be distinct from patterns seen in the functional connectivity of the thalamus and cerebellum.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 51
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Book Description
Functional MRI studies have suggested an atypical functional domain-specific pattern of cortico-subcortical functional connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) compared to typical development. Specifically, for thalamus and cerebellum overconnectivity with cortices involved in sensorimotor/limbic functions was accompanied by underconnectivity with supramodal regions. Considering the complex circuitry linking the thalamus, cerebellum, and striatum with cerebral cortex, examining cortico-striatal functional connectivity within this theoretical framework will generate a more comprehensive picture of the role of subcortical structures in ASD brain development and symptomatology.The present study used archival resting state fMRI data from 58 individuals with an ASD and 57 typically developing (TD) controls between the ages of 7 and 18 years old, matched on age, non-verbal IQ, and in-scanner head motion. Functional T2*-weighted images were acquired using a single-shot gradient-recalled, echo-planar pulse sequence. A standard preprocessing pipeline was applied to the data. Regions of interest (ROIs) for cerebral cortex and striatum were obtained from the Harvard-Oxford atlas in FSL, using the Jülich Histological atlas to further parcel large ROIs. Total correlations were calculated between average time series of each cortical ROI and each voxel within ipsilateral striatum. Frontal ROIs were categorized by domain (sensorimotor, limbic, and supramodal) and partial correlation analyses were performed, controlling for the average time series of all ROIs in the other two domains. For each cortical ROI displaying significant group differences, the mean z ́ from the cluster of between-group effects in striatum was extracted and entered into Pearson correlation analyses with behavioral measures. Total correlation analyses yielded 28 clusters with significant group differences (all ASD>TD) in cortico-striatal functional connectivity. This effect was found primarily for posterior temporal and parietal regions. In partial correlation analyses for frontal ROIs, three limbic ROIs were found to be overconnected (ASD>TD), while three sensorimotor ROIs were underconnected (TD>ASD) with ipsilateral putamen. Several significant clusters correlated with behavioral measures of ASD symptomatology. Total correlation results were consistent with the literature, further providing evidence for predominant cortico-striatal functional overconnectivity in ASDs. The pattern of overconnectivity for limbic and underconnectivity for sensorimotor cortices suggests an imbalance of reward modulation over motor control in ASDs.
Author: David Amaral
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199707472
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1445
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Book Description
Autism is an emerging area of basic and clinical research, and has only recently been recognized as a major topic in biomedical research. Approximately 1 in 150 children are diagnosed as autistic, so it is also an intense growth area in behavioral and educational treatments. Financial resources have begun to be raised for more comprehensive research and an increasing number of scientists are becoming involved in autism research. In many respects, autism has become a model for conducting translational research on a psychiatric disorder. This text provides a comprehensive summary of all current knowledge related to the behavioral, experiential, and biomedical features of the autism spectrum disorders including major behavioral and cognitive syndromology, common co-morbid conditions, neuropathology, neuroimmunology, and other neurological correlates such as seizures, allergy and immunology, gastroenterology, infectious disease, and epidemiology. Edited by three leading researchers, this volume contains over 80 chapters and nine shorter commentaries by thought leaders in the field, making the book a virtual "who's who" of autism research. This carefully developed book is a comprehensive and authoritative reference for what we know in this area as well as a guidepost for the next several years in all areas of autism research.
Author: Manuel F. Casanova
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1315354195
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 977
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Book Description
This book covers state-of-the-art medical image analysis approaches currently pursued in autism research. Chapters cover recent advances in diagnosis using structural neuroimaging. All aspects of imaging are included, such as electrophysiology (EEG, ERP, QEEG, and MEG), postmortem techniques, and advantages and difficulties of depositing/acquiring images in larger databases. The book incorporates 2D, 3D, and 4D imaging and advances scientific research within the broad field of autism imaging.
Author: John R. Geddes
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0192514024
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1472
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Book Description
Over its two editions, The New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry has come to be regarded as one of the most popular and trusted standard psychiatry texts among psychiatrists and trainees. Bringing together 146 chapters from the leading figures in the discipline, it presents a comprehensive account of clinical psychiatry, with reference to its scientific basis and to the patient's perspective throughout. The New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, Third Edition has been extensively re-structured and streamlined to keep pace with the significant developments that have taken place in the fields of clinical psychiatry and neuroscience since publication of the second edition in 2009. The new edition has been updated throughout to include the most recent versions of the two main classification systems—-the DSM-5 and the ICD-11—-used throughout the world for the diagnosis of mental disorders. In the years since publication of the first edition, many new and exciting discoveries have occurred in the biological sciences, which are having a major impact on how we study and practise psychiatry. In addition, psychiatry has fostered closer ties with philosophy, and these are leading to healthy discussions about how we should diagnose and treat mental illness. This new edition recognises these and other developments. Throughout, accounts of clinical practice are linked to the underlying science, and to the evidence for the efficacy of treatments. Physical and psychological treatments, including psychodynamic approaches, are covered in depth. The history of psychiatry, ethics, public health aspects, and public attitudes to psychiatry and to patients are all given due attention.
Author: Keith S. Dobson
Publisher: San Diego ; Toronto : Academic Press
ISBN:
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 520
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Book Description
This text brings together experts in separate areas of psychopathology to summarize the conceptual and methodological issues in the field and provide a point of comparison across the fields' various dimensions.
Author: C. Gillberg
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781489908834
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 464
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Book Description
Author: Judith M. Rumsey
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139476750
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 473
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Book Description
Modern neuroimaging offers tremendous opportunities for gaining insights into normative development and a wide array of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Focusing on ontogeny, this text covers basic processes involved in both healthy and atypical maturation, and also addresses the range of neuroimaging techniques most widely used for studying children. This book will enable you to understand normative structural and functional brain maturation and the mechanisms underlying basic developmental processes; become familiar with current knowledge and hypotheses concerning the neural bases of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders; and learn about neuroimaging techniques, including their unique strengths and limitations. Coverage includes normal developmental processes, atypical processing in developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, ethical issues, neuroimaging techniques and their integration with psychopharmacologic and molecular genetic research approaches, and future directions. This comprehensive volume is an essential resource for neurologists, neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, pediatricians, and radiologists concerned with normal development and developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.
Author: Christopher Pittenger
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190228164
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 777
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Book Description
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects one person in 40 and can cause great suffering. This volume provides the first comprehensive summary of our understanding of this enigmatic condition, summarizing current work ranging from genetics and neurobiology through cognitive psychology, treatment, personal experiences, and societal implications.
Author: Michael Rutter
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781925120479
Category : Autism
Languages : en
Pages : 64
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Book Description
