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Author: Anja Podlesek
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 31
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Book Description
Students's understanding of scientific concepts can be supported by using representations of the concepts at different levels (macroscopic, submicroscopic and symbolic). However, different students may not use the visual and verbal information presented at the three levels with equal effectiveness. In addition to prior knowledge, problem-solving performance in science may be influenced by several cognitive factors presented in this chapter: verbal and reasoning abilities, visuospatial abilities, working memory and executive functions. Behavioural data, self-reports and eye movements can be used to examine the role of these cognitive processes in problem-solving. This chapter presents some eye-movement features commonly used in the study of cognitive processes (the location of fixations, the total number of fixations, the proportion of total duration of fixations and the average duration of fixations in specific areas of interest, the number of revisits to these areas, the number of blinks, fixation sequences and pupil size). These features indicate the target of student attention, reflecting the amount of cognitive resources devoted to information processing and problem-solving strategies. A case study is presented in which eye movements were observed as a student was solving an authentic science problem to illustrate the use of eye-tracking methodology in investigating students' understanding of the macroscopic and submicroscopic levels of representations of ice melting. Verbal responses and eye movements of two seventh grade primary school students with similar prior knowledge of aggregate states but different cognitive abilities were compared to demonstrate that differences in students' cognitive processes might be related to different eye-movement features, such as total fixation time in different areas, eye-movement path, number of blinks and pupil dilation. The limitations and practical implications of using eye-tracking methodology to infer cognitive processes used to solve a particular task are discussed.
Author: Anja Podlesek
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 31
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Book Description
Students's understanding of scientific concepts can be supported by using representations of the concepts at different levels (macroscopic, submicroscopic and symbolic). However, different students may not use the visual and verbal information presented at the three levels with equal effectiveness. In addition to prior knowledge, problem-solving performance in science may be influenced by several cognitive factors presented in this chapter: verbal and reasoning abilities, visuospatial abilities, working memory and executive functions. Behavioural data, self-reports and eye movements can be used to examine the role of these cognitive processes in problem-solving. This chapter presents some eye-movement features commonly used in the study of cognitive processes (the location of fixations, the total number of fixations, the proportion of total duration of fixations and the average duration of fixations in specific areas of interest, the number of revisits to these areas, the number of blinks, fixation sequences and pupil size). These features indicate the target of student attention, reflecting the amount of cognitive resources devoted to information processing and problem-solving strategies. A case study is presented in which eye movements were observed as a student was solving an authentic science problem to illustrate the use of eye-tracking methodology in investigating students' understanding of the macroscopic and submicroscopic levels of representations of ice melting. Verbal responses and eye movements of two seventh grade primary school students with similar prior knowledge of aggregate states but different cognitive abilities were compared to demonstrate that differences in students' cognitive processes might be related to different eye-movement features, such as total fixation time in different areas, eye-movement path, number of blinks and pupil dilation. The limitations and practical implications of using eye-tracking methodology to infer cognitive processes used to solve a particular task are discussed.
Author: Kenneth Holmqvist
Publisher: OUP Oxford
ISBN: 0191625426
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 793
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Book Description
We make 3-5 eye movements per second, and these movements are crucial in helping us deal with the vast amounts of information we encounter in our everyday lives. In recent years, thanks to the development of eye tracking technology, there has been a growing interest in monitoring and measuring these movements, with a view to understanding how we attend to and process the visual information we encounter Eye tracking as a research tool is now more accessible than ever, and is growing in popularity amongst researchers from a whole host of different disciplines. Usability analysts, sports scientists, cognitive psychologists, reading researchers, psycholinguists, neurophysiologists, electrical engineers, and others, all have a vested interest in eye tracking for different reasons. The ability to record eye-movements has helped advance our science and led to technological innovations. However, the growth of eye tracking in recent years has also presented a variety of challenges - in particular the issue of how to design an eye-tracking experiment, and how to analyse the data. This book is a much needed comprehensive handbook of eye tracking methodology. It describes how to evaluate and acquire an eye-tracker, how to plan and design an eye tracking study, and how to record and analyse eye-movement data. Besides technical details and theory, the heart of this book revolves around practicality - how raw data samples are converted into fixations and saccades using event detection algorithms, how the different representations of eye movement data are calculated using AOIs, heat maps and scanpaths, and how all the measures of eye movements relate to these processes. Part I presents the technology and skills needed to perform high-quality research with eye-trackers. Part II covers the predominant methods applied to the data which eye-trackers record. These include the parsing of raw sample data into oculomotor events, and how to calculate other representations of eye movements such as heat maps and transition matrices. Part III gives a comprehensive outline of the measures which can be calculated using the events and representations described in Part II. This is a taxonomy of the measures available to eye-tracking researchers, sorted by type of movement of the eyes and type of analysis. For anyone in the sciences considering conducting research involving eye-tracking, this book will be an essential reference work.
Author: Andrey R. Nikolaev
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
ISBN: 2889192733
Category : Eye
Languages : en
Pages : 197
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Book Description
The recording and analysis of electrical brain activity associated with eye movements has a history of several decades. While the early attempts were primarily focused on uncovering the brain mechanisms of eye movements, more recent approaches use eye movements as markers of the ongoing brain activity to investigate perceptual and cognitive processes. This recent approach of segmenting brain activity based on eye movement behavior has several important advantages. First, the eye movement system is closely related to cognitive functions such as perception, attention and memory. This is not surprising since eye movements provide the easiest and the most accurate way to extract information from our visual environment and the eye movement system largely determines what information is selected for further processing. The eye movement-based segmentation offers a great way to study brain activity in relation to these processes. Second, on the methodological level, eye movements constitute a natural marker to segment the ongoing brain activity. This overcomes the problem of introducing artificial markers such as ones for stimulus presentation or response execution that are typical for a lab-based research. This opens possibilities to study brain activity during self-paced perceptual and cognitive behavior under naturalistic conditions such as free exploration of scenes. Third, by relating eye movement behavior to the ongoing brain activity it is possible to see how perceptual and cognitive processes unfold in time, being able to predict how brain activity eventually leads to behavior. This research topic illustrates advantages of the combined recording and analysis of eye movements and neural signals such as EEG, local field potentials and fMRI for investigation of the brain processes in humans and animals. The contributions include research papers, methodology papers and reviews demonstrating conceptual and methodological achievements in this rapidly developing field.
Author: Ralph Radach
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080518923
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 763
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Book Description
The book provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art overview of current research on cognitive and applied aspects of eye movements. The contents include peer-reviewed chapters based on a selection of papers presented at the 11th European Conference on Eye Movements (Turku, Finland 2001), supplemented by invited contributions. The ECEM conference series brings together researchers from various disciplines with an interest to use eye-tracking to study perceptual and higher order cognitive functions. The contents of the book faithfully reflect the scope and diversity of interest in eye-tracking as a fruitful tool both in basic and applied research. It consists of five sections: visual information processing and saccadic eye movements; empirical studies of reading and language production; computational models of eye movements in reading; eye-tracking as a tool to study human-computer interaction; and eye movement applications in media and communication research. Each section is concluded by a commentary chapter by one of the leading authorities in the field. These commentaries discuss and integrate the contributions in the section and provide an expert view on the most significant present and future developments in the respective areas. The book is a reference volume including a large body of new empirical work but also principal theoretical viewpoints of leading research groups in the field.
Author: Andrew Duchowski
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1846286093
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 336
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Book Description
Despite the availability of cheap, fast, accurate and usable eye trackers, there is little information available on how to develop, implement and use these systems. This 2nd edition of the successful guide contains significant additional material on the topic and aims to fill that gap in the market by providing an accessible and comprehensive introduction. Additional key features of the 2nd edition include: Technical description of new (state-of-the-art) eye tracking technology; a complete whole new section describing experimental methodology including experimental design, empirical guidelines, and five case studies; and survey material regarding recent research publications.
Author: Pascal Klein
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 283254732X
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 166
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Book Description
A modern approach to improving education uses the components of experimental scientific research practices based on objective data, dissemination of results, and the use of modern technologies. STEM education research is maturing and new tools and analysis techniques become available. As one example, eye tracking, the recording of persons’ eye movements, has been growing in popularity as it enables researchers to study learning materials’ effectiveness, problem solving, and even students’ approaches during experimentation. Eye movements, as captured using eye tracking, can reveal information about a student's attention and cognition on a process level, going well beyond classical product-based assessment techniques such as questionnaires or tests.
Author: Andrew Duchowski
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447137507
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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Book Description
The first book to provide an in-depth introduction to this topic and to offer instruction on how to set up and operate a system of this type. This book is divided in 3 parts, the first of which covers the relevant background information, including an introduction to the human visual system and key issues in visual perception and eye movement. The second part surveys eye tracking devices and gives a detailed introduction to the technical requirements for installing a system and developing an application program. The final part looks at potential application in areas such as human factors, collaborative systems, virtual reality, and marketing/advertising.
Author: Was, Christopher
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1522510060
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 391
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Book Description
Since its inception, eye-tracking technology has evolved into a critical device in psychological and sociological settings. By tracking eye movement, one can conduct lie detection, learn about neuropsychology, and measure reading response. Recently, these technologies have been implemented in Educational and School Psychology as a way to assess how students interact with content. Eye-Tracking Technology Applications in Educational Research enriches the current pool of educational research with cutting-edge applications of eye tracking in education. Seeking to advance this emergent, interdisciplinary field, this publication collects a diverse group of researchers exploring all aspects of this technology as an essential reference for educators, researchers, administrators, and advanced graduate students.
Author: Kathy Conklin
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108244084
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 247
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Book Description
Eye-tracking is quickly becoming a valuable tool in applied linguistics research as it provides a 'real-time', direct measure of cognitive processing effort. This book provides a straightforward introduction to the technology and how it might be used in language research. With a strong focus on the practicalities of designing eye-tracking studies that achieve the standard of other well-established experimental techniques, it provides valuable information about building and designing studies, touching on common challenges and problems, as well as solutions. Importantly, the book looks at the use of eye-tracking in a wide variety of applied contexts including reading, listening and multi-modal input, writing, testing, corpus linguistics, translation, stylistics, and computer-mediated communication. Each chapter finishes with a simple checklist to help researchers use eye-tracking in a wide variety of language studies. Discussion is grounded in concrete examples, which will allow users coming to the technology for the first time to gain the knowledge and confidence to use it to produce high quality research.
Author: A. L. Yarbus
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1489953795
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 234
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Book Description
