Author: Tyson T Brooks
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9814630829
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 427
Book Description
This comprehensive book presents a new approach to dynamic distributed virtual systems. Wireless grids edgeware promises new cloud to edge secure architectures with mobile security for the Internet of Things (IoT). The scope covers framworks and models for wireless grids edgeware, as well as open specifications and new applications called gridlets and wiglets.The book also highlights fundamental to advanced concepts necessary to grasp wireless grids, edgeware and IoT current issues, challenges and solutions as well as future trends in IoT infrastructures. It also serves as a virtual and effective bridge between academic research on theory, and science-practitioners work with wireless grids, edgeware and IoT technology.This unique compendium is composed for researchers, professionals and students working in the field of innovation management, wireless technologies, information system theory, systems engineering, security system designers, and mobile cloud service developers. University professors and researchers involved in wireless grids, edgeware and IoT related networking may find the book useful for their undergraduate and especially graduate courses.
Cloud To Edgeware: Wireless Grid Applications, Architecture And Security For The "Internet Of Things"
Author: Tyson T Brooks
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9814630829
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 427
Book Description
This comprehensive book presents a new approach to dynamic distributed virtual systems. Wireless grids edgeware promises new cloud to edge secure architectures with mobile security for the Internet of Things (IoT). The scope covers framworks and models for wireless grids edgeware, as well as open specifications and new applications called gridlets and wiglets.The book also highlights fundamental to advanced concepts necessary to grasp wireless grids, edgeware and IoT current issues, challenges and solutions as well as future trends in IoT infrastructures. It also serves as a virtual and effective bridge between academic research on theory, and science-practitioners work with wireless grids, edgeware and IoT technology.This unique compendium is composed for researchers, professionals and students working in the field of innovation management, wireless technologies, information system theory, systems engineering, security system designers, and mobile cloud service developers. University professors and researchers involved in wireless grids, edgeware and IoT related networking may find the book useful for their undergraduate and especially graduate courses.
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9814630829
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 427
Book Description
This comprehensive book presents a new approach to dynamic distributed virtual systems. Wireless grids edgeware promises new cloud to edge secure architectures with mobile security for the Internet of Things (IoT). The scope covers framworks and models for wireless grids edgeware, as well as open specifications and new applications called gridlets and wiglets.The book also highlights fundamental to advanced concepts necessary to grasp wireless grids, edgeware and IoT current issues, challenges and solutions as well as future trends in IoT infrastructures. It also serves as a virtual and effective bridge between academic research on theory, and science-practitioners work with wireless grids, edgeware and IoT technology.This unique compendium is composed for researchers, professionals and students working in the field of innovation management, wireless technologies, information system theory, systems engineering, security system designers, and mobile cloud service developers. University professors and researchers involved in wireless grids, edgeware and IoT related networking may find the book useful for their undergraduate and especially graduate courses.
Tenth International Conference on Applications and Techniques in Cyber Intelligence (ICATCI 2022)
Author: Jemal H. Abawajy
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031290976
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 1040
Book Description
This book presents innovative ideas, cutting-edge findings, and novel techniques, methods, and applications in a broad range of cybersecurity and cyberthreat intelligence areas. As our society becomes smarter, there is a corresponding need to secure our cyberfuture. The book describes approaches and findings that are of interest to business professionals and governments seeking to secure our data and underpin infrastructures, as well as to individual users.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031290976
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 1040
Book Description
This book presents innovative ideas, cutting-edge findings, and novel techniques, methods, and applications in a broad range of cybersecurity and cyberthreat intelligence areas. As our society becomes smarter, there is a corresponding need to secure our cyberfuture. The book describes approaches and findings that are of interest to business professionals and governments seeking to secure our data and underpin infrastructures, as well as to individual users.
Cyber-Assurance for the Internet of Things
Author: Tyson T. Brooks
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119193869
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 533
Book Description
Presents an Cyber-Assurance approach to the Internet of Things (IoT) This book discusses the cyber-assurance needs of the IoT environment, highlighting key information assurance (IA) IoT issues and identifying the associated security implications. Through contributions from cyber-assurance, IA, information security and IoT industry practitioners and experts, the text covers fundamental and advanced concepts necessary to grasp current IA issues, challenges, and solutions for the IoT. The future trends in IoT infrastructures, architectures and applications are also examined. Other topics discussed include the IA protection of IoT systems and information being stored, processed or transmitted from unauthorized access or modification of machine-2-machine (M2M) devices, radio-frequency identification (RFID) networks, wireless sensor networks, smart grids, and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. The book also discusses IA measures necessary to detect, protect, and defend IoT information and networks/systems to ensure their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentially, and non-repudiation. Discusses current research and emerging trends in IA theory, applications, architecture and information security in the IoT based on theoretical aspects and studies of practical applications Aids readers in understanding how to design and build cyber-assurance into the IoT Exposes engineers and designers to new strategies and emerging standards, and promotes active development of cyber-assurance Covers challenging issues as well as potential solutions, encouraging discussion and debate amongst those in the field Cyber-Assurance for the Internet of Things is written for researchers and professionals working in the field of wireless technologies, information security architecture, and security system design. This book will also serve as a reference for professors and students involved in IA and IoT networking. Tyson T. Brooks is an Adjunct Professor in the School of Information Studies at Syracuse University; he also works with the Center for Information and Systems Assurance and Trust (CISAT) at Syracuse University, and is an information security technologist and science-practitioner. Dr. Brooks is the founder/Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Internet of Things and Cyber-Assurance, an associate editor for the Journal of Enterprise Architecture, the International Journal of Cloud Computing and Services Science, and the International Journal of Information and Network Security.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119193869
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 533
Book Description
Presents an Cyber-Assurance approach to the Internet of Things (IoT) This book discusses the cyber-assurance needs of the IoT environment, highlighting key information assurance (IA) IoT issues and identifying the associated security implications. Through contributions from cyber-assurance, IA, information security and IoT industry practitioners and experts, the text covers fundamental and advanced concepts necessary to grasp current IA issues, challenges, and solutions for the IoT. The future trends in IoT infrastructures, architectures and applications are also examined. Other topics discussed include the IA protection of IoT systems and information being stored, processed or transmitted from unauthorized access or modification of machine-2-machine (M2M) devices, radio-frequency identification (RFID) networks, wireless sensor networks, smart grids, and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. The book also discusses IA measures necessary to detect, protect, and defend IoT information and networks/systems to ensure their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentially, and non-repudiation. Discusses current research and emerging trends in IA theory, applications, architecture and information security in the IoT based on theoretical aspects and studies of practical applications Aids readers in understanding how to design and build cyber-assurance into the IoT Exposes engineers and designers to new strategies and emerging standards, and promotes active development of cyber-assurance Covers challenging issues as well as potential solutions, encouraging discussion and debate amongst those in the field Cyber-Assurance for the Internet of Things is written for researchers and professionals working in the field of wireless technologies, information security architecture, and security system design. This book will also serve as a reference for professors and students involved in IA and IoT networking. Tyson T. Brooks is an Adjunct Professor in the School of Information Studies at Syracuse University; he also works with the Center for Information and Systems Assurance and Trust (CISAT) at Syracuse University, and is an information security technologist and science-practitioner. Dr. Brooks is the founder/Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Internet of Things and Cyber-Assurance, an associate editor for the Journal of Enterprise Architecture, the International Journal of Cloud Computing and Services Science, and the International Journal of Information and Network Security.
Wireless Security Architecture
Author: Jennifer Minella
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119883075
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 785
Book Description
Reduce organizational cybersecurity risk and build comprehensive WiFi, private cellular, and IOT security solutions Wireless Security Architecture: Designing and Maintaining Secure Wireless for Enterprise offers readers an essential guide to planning, designing, and preserving secure wireless infrastructures. It is a blueprint to a resilient and compliant architecture that responds to regulatory requirements, reduces organizational risk, and conforms to industry best practices. This book emphasizes WiFi security, as well as guidance on private cellular and Internet of Things security. Readers will discover how to move beyond isolated technical certifications and vendor training and put together a coherent network that responds to contemporary security risks. It offers up-to-date coverage—including data published for the first time—of new WPA3 security, Wi-Fi 6E, zero-trust frameworks, and other emerging trends. It also includes: Concrete strategies suitable for organizations of all sizes, from large government agencies to small public and private companies Effective technical resources and real-world sample architectures Explorations of the relationships between security, wireless, and network elements Practical planning templates, guides, and real-world case studies demonstrating application of the included concepts Perfect for network, wireless, and enterprise security architects, Wireless Security Architecture belongs in the libraries of technical leaders in firms of all sizes and in any industry seeking to build a secure wireless network.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119883075
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 785
Book Description
Reduce organizational cybersecurity risk and build comprehensive WiFi, private cellular, and IOT security solutions Wireless Security Architecture: Designing and Maintaining Secure Wireless for Enterprise offers readers an essential guide to planning, designing, and preserving secure wireless infrastructures. It is a blueprint to a resilient and compliant architecture that responds to regulatory requirements, reduces organizational risk, and conforms to industry best practices. This book emphasizes WiFi security, as well as guidance on private cellular and Internet of Things security. Readers will discover how to move beyond isolated technical certifications and vendor training and put together a coherent network that responds to contemporary security risks. It offers up-to-date coverage—including data published for the first time—of new WPA3 security, Wi-Fi 6E, zero-trust frameworks, and other emerging trends. It also includes: Concrete strategies suitable for organizations of all sizes, from large government agencies to small public and private companies Effective technical resources and real-world sample architectures Explorations of the relationships between security, wireless, and network elements Practical planning templates, guides, and real-world case studies demonstrating application of the included concepts Perfect for network, wireless, and enterprise security architects, Wireless Security Architecture belongs in the libraries of technical leaders in firms of all sizes and in any industry seeking to build a secure wireless network.
In the Bubble
Author: John Thackara
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262701154
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 334
Book Description
How to design a world in which we rely less on stuff, and more on people. We're filling up the world with technology and devices, but we've lost sight of an important question: What is this stuff for? What value does it add to our lives? So asks author John Thackara in his new book, In the Bubble: Designing for a Complex World. These are tough questions for the pushers of technology to answer. Our economic system is centered on technology, so it would be no small matter if "tech" ceased to be an end-in-itself in our daily lives. Technology is not going to go away, but the time to discuss the end it will serve is before we deploy it, not after. We need to ask what purpose will be served by the broadband communications, smart materials, wearable computing, and connected appliances that we're unleashing upon the world. We need to ask what impact all this stuff will have on our daily lives. Who will look after it, and how? In the Bubble is about a world based less on stuff and more on people. Thackara describes a transformation that is taking place now—not in a remote science fiction future; it's not about, as he puts it, "the schlock of the new" but about radical innovation already emerging in daily life. We are regaining respect for what people can do that technology can't. In the Bubble describes services designed to help people carry out daily activities in new ways. Many of these services involve technology—ranging from body implants to wide-bodied jets. But objects and systems play a supporting role in a people-centered world. The design focus is on services, not things. And new principles—above all, lightness—inform the way these services are designed and used. At the heart of In the Bubble is a belief, informed by a wealth of real-world examples, that ethics and responsibility can inform design decisions without impeding social and technical innovation.
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262701154
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 334
Book Description
How to design a world in which we rely less on stuff, and more on people. We're filling up the world with technology and devices, but we've lost sight of an important question: What is this stuff for? What value does it add to our lives? So asks author John Thackara in his new book, In the Bubble: Designing for a Complex World. These are tough questions for the pushers of technology to answer. Our economic system is centered on technology, so it would be no small matter if "tech" ceased to be an end-in-itself in our daily lives. Technology is not going to go away, but the time to discuss the end it will serve is before we deploy it, not after. We need to ask what purpose will be served by the broadband communications, smart materials, wearable computing, and connected appliances that we're unleashing upon the world. We need to ask what impact all this stuff will have on our daily lives. Who will look after it, and how? In the Bubble is about a world based less on stuff and more on people. Thackara describes a transformation that is taking place now—not in a remote science fiction future; it's not about, as he puts it, "the schlock of the new" but about radical innovation already emerging in daily life. We are regaining respect for what people can do that technology can't. In the Bubble describes services designed to help people carry out daily activities in new ways. Many of these services involve technology—ranging from body implants to wide-bodied jets. But objects and systems play a supporting role in a people-centered world. The design focus is on services, not things. And new principles—above all, lightness—inform the way these services are designed and used. At the heart of In the Bubble is a belief, informed by a wealth of real-world examples, that ethics and responsibility can inform design decisions without impeding social and technical innovation.
Supply Chain Management
Author: Janat Shah
Publisher: Pearson Education India
ISBN: 9788131715178
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 476
Book Description
Publisher: Pearson Education India
ISBN: 9788131715178
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 476
Book Description
Internet Economics
Author: Lee W. McKnight
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262631914
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 546
Book Description
The Internet has rapidly become an important element of the economic system. The lack of accepted metrics for economic analysis of Internet transactions is therefore increasingly problematic. This book, one of the first to bring together research on Internet engineering and economics, attempts to establish such metrics. The chapters, which developed out of a 1995 workshop held at MIT, include architectural models and analyses of Internet usage, as well as alternative pricing policies. The book is organized into six sections: 1) Introduction to Internet Economics, 2) The Economics of the Internet, 3) Interconnection and Multicast Economics, 4) Usage Sensitive Pricing, 5) Internet Commerce, and 6) Internet Economics and Policy. Contributors Loretta Anania, Joseph P. Bailey, Nevil Brownlee, David Carver, David Clark, David W. Crawford, Ketil Danielsen, Deborah Estrin, Branko Gerovac, David Gingold, Jiong Gong, Alok Gupta, Shai Herzog, Clark Johnson, Martyne M. Hallgren, Frank P. Kelly, Charlie Lai, Alan K. McAdams, Jeffrey K. MacKie-Mason, Lee W. McKnight, Gennady Medvinsky, Liam Murphy, John Murphy, B. Clifford Neuman, Jon M. Peha, Joseph Reagle, Mitrabarun Sarkar, Scott Shenker, Marvin A. Sirbu, Richard Jay Solomon, Padmanabhan Srinagesh, Dale O. Stahl, Hal R. Varian, Qiong Wang, Martin Weiss, Andrew B. Whinston
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262631914
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 546
Book Description
The Internet has rapidly become an important element of the economic system. The lack of accepted metrics for economic analysis of Internet transactions is therefore increasingly problematic. This book, one of the first to bring together research on Internet engineering and economics, attempts to establish such metrics. The chapters, which developed out of a 1995 workshop held at MIT, include architectural models and analyses of Internet usage, as well as alternative pricing policies. The book is organized into six sections: 1) Introduction to Internet Economics, 2) The Economics of the Internet, 3) Interconnection and Multicast Economics, 4) Usage Sensitive Pricing, 5) Internet Commerce, and 6) Internet Economics and Policy. Contributors Loretta Anania, Joseph P. Bailey, Nevil Brownlee, David Carver, David Clark, David W. Crawford, Ketil Danielsen, Deborah Estrin, Branko Gerovac, David Gingold, Jiong Gong, Alok Gupta, Shai Herzog, Clark Johnson, Martyne M. Hallgren, Frank P. Kelly, Charlie Lai, Alan K. McAdams, Jeffrey K. MacKie-Mason, Lee W. McKnight, Gennady Medvinsky, Liam Murphy, John Murphy, B. Clifford Neuman, Jon M. Peha, Joseph Reagle, Mitrabarun Sarkar, Scott Shenker, Marvin A. Sirbu, Richard Jay Solomon, Padmanabhan Srinagesh, Dale O. Stahl, Hal R. Varian, Qiong Wang, Martin Weiss, Andrew B. Whinston
Business Intelligence and Performance Management
Author: Peter Rausch
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447148665
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
During the 21st century business environments have become more complex and dynamic than ever before. Companies operate in a world of change influenced by globalisation, volatile markets, legal changes and technical progress. As a result, they have to handle growing volumes of data and therefore require fast storage, reliable data access, intelligent retrieval of information and automated decision-making mechanisms, all provided at the highest level of service quality. Successful enterprises are aware of these challenges and efficiently respond to the dynamic environment in which their business operates. Business Intelligence (BI) and Performance Management (PM) offer solutions to these challenges and provide techniques to enable effective business change. The important aspects of both topics are discussed within this state-of-the-art volume. It covers the strategic support, business applications, methodologies and technologies from the field, and explores the benefits, issues and challenges of each. Issues are analysed from many different perspectives, ranging from strategic management to data technologies, and the different subjects are complimented and illustrated by numerous examples of industrial applications. Contributions are authored by leading academics and practitioners representing various universities, research centres and companies worldwide. Their experience covers multiple disciplines and industries, including finance, construction, logistics, and public services, amongst others. Business Intelligence and Performance Management is a valuable source of reference for graduates approaching MSc or PhD programs and for professionals in industry researching in the fields of BI and PM for industrial application.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447148665
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
During the 21st century business environments have become more complex and dynamic than ever before. Companies operate in a world of change influenced by globalisation, volatile markets, legal changes and technical progress. As a result, they have to handle growing volumes of data and therefore require fast storage, reliable data access, intelligent retrieval of information and automated decision-making mechanisms, all provided at the highest level of service quality. Successful enterprises are aware of these challenges and efficiently respond to the dynamic environment in which their business operates. Business Intelligence (BI) and Performance Management (PM) offer solutions to these challenges and provide techniques to enable effective business change. The important aspects of both topics are discussed within this state-of-the-art volume. It covers the strategic support, business applications, methodologies and technologies from the field, and explores the benefits, issues and challenges of each. Issues are analysed from many different perspectives, ranging from strategic management to data technologies, and the different subjects are complimented and illustrated by numerous examples of industrial applications. Contributions are authored by leading academics and practitioners representing various universities, research centres and companies worldwide. Their experience covers multiple disciplines and industries, including finance, construction, logistics, and public services, amongst others. Business Intelligence and Performance Management is a valuable source of reference for graduates approaching MSc or PhD programs and for professionals in industry researching in the fields of BI and PM for industrial application.
The Internet of Things in the Cloud
Author: Honbo Zhou
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1466589043
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 395
Book Description
Although the Internet of Things (IoT) is a vast and dynamic territory that is evolving rapidly, there has been a need for a book that offers a holistic view of the technologies and applications of the entire IoT spectrum. Filling this void, The Internet of Things in the Cloud: A Middleware Perspective provides a comprehensive introduction to the IoT and its development worldwide. It gives you a panoramic view of the IoT landscape—focusing on the overall technological architecture and design of a tentatively unified IoT framework underpinned by Cloud computing from a middleware perspective. Organized into three sections, it: Describes the many facets of Internet of Things—including the four pillars of IoT and the three layer value chain of IoT Focuses on middleware, the glue and building blocks of a holistic IoT system on every layer of the architecture Explores Cloud computing and IoT as well as their synergy based on the common background of distributed processing The book is based on the author’s two previous bestselling books (in Chinese) on IoT and Cloud computing and more than two decades of hands-on software/middleware programming and architecting experience at organizations such as the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, IBM, BEA Systems, and Silicon Valley startup Doubletwist. Tapping into this wealth of knowledge, the book categorizes the many facets of the IoT and proposes a number of paradigms and classifications about Internet of Things' mass and niche markets and technologies.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1466589043
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 395
Book Description
Although the Internet of Things (IoT) is a vast and dynamic territory that is evolving rapidly, there has been a need for a book that offers a holistic view of the technologies and applications of the entire IoT spectrum. Filling this void, The Internet of Things in the Cloud: A Middleware Perspective provides a comprehensive introduction to the IoT and its development worldwide. It gives you a panoramic view of the IoT landscape—focusing on the overall technological architecture and design of a tentatively unified IoT framework underpinned by Cloud computing from a middleware perspective. Organized into three sections, it: Describes the many facets of Internet of Things—including the four pillars of IoT and the three layer value chain of IoT Focuses on middleware, the glue and building blocks of a holistic IoT system on every layer of the architecture Explores Cloud computing and IoT as well as their synergy based on the common background of distributed processing The book is based on the author’s two previous bestselling books (in Chinese) on IoT and Cloud computing and more than two decades of hands-on software/middleware programming and architecting experience at organizations such as the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, IBM, BEA Systems, and Silicon Valley startup Doubletwist. Tapping into this wealth of knowledge, the book categorizes the many facets of the IoT and proposes a number of paradigms and classifications about Internet of Things' mass and niche markets and technologies.
The Gordian Knot
Author: W. Russell Neuman
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262263917
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 350
Book Description
Veterans of the high-definition TV wars of the 1980s, the authors, social scientists as well as technologists, came to see themselves as "chroniclers and students of an intriguing and serious techno-economic conflict." Why, they asked, did so few understand the rules of the game? In a broad account accessible to generalist and specialist alike, they address the current national debate about the development of a national information infrastructure, locating the debate in a broad historical narrative that illuminates how we got here and where we may be going, and outlining a bold vision of an open communications infrastructure that will cut through the political gridlock that threatens this "information highway."Technical change the authors argue is creating a new paradigm that fits neither the free market nor regulatory control models currently in play. They detail what is wrong with the political process of the national information infrastructure policy-making and assess how different media systems (telecommunications, radio, television broadcasting,) were originally established, spelling out the technological assumptions and organizational interests on which they were based and showing why the old policy models are now breaking down. The new digital networks are not analogous to railways and highways or their electronic forebears in telephony and broadcasting; they are inherently unfriendly to centralized control of any sort, so the old traditions of common carriage and public trustee regulation and regulatory gamesmanship no longer apply. The authors' technological and historical analysis leads logically toward a policy proposal for a reformed regulatory structure that builds and protects meaningful competition, but that abandons its role as arbiter of tariffs and definer of public service and public interest.
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262263917
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 350
Book Description
Veterans of the high-definition TV wars of the 1980s, the authors, social scientists as well as technologists, came to see themselves as "chroniclers and students of an intriguing and serious techno-economic conflict." Why, they asked, did so few understand the rules of the game? In a broad account accessible to generalist and specialist alike, they address the current national debate about the development of a national information infrastructure, locating the debate in a broad historical narrative that illuminates how we got here and where we may be going, and outlining a bold vision of an open communications infrastructure that will cut through the political gridlock that threatens this "information highway."Technical change the authors argue is creating a new paradigm that fits neither the free market nor regulatory control models currently in play. They detail what is wrong with the political process of the national information infrastructure policy-making and assess how different media systems (telecommunications, radio, television broadcasting,) were originally established, spelling out the technological assumptions and organizational interests on which they were based and showing why the old policy models are now breaking down. The new digital networks are not analogous to railways and highways or their electronic forebears in telephony and broadcasting; they are inherently unfriendly to centralized control of any sort, so the old traditions of common carriage and public trustee regulation and regulatory gamesmanship no longer apply. The authors' technological and historical analysis leads logically toward a policy proposal for a reformed regulatory structure that builds and protects meaningful competition, but that abandons its role as arbiter of tariffs and definer of public service and public interest.