Chemo-mechanical Alterations Induced from CO2 Injection in Carbonate-cemented Sandstone PDF Download
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Author: Zhidi Wu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Carbon dioxide
Languages : en
Pages : 116
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Author: Zhidi Wu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Carbon dioxide
Languages : en
Pages : 116
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Book Description
Author: Lianjie Huang
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 111915684X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 468
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Book Description
Methods and techniques for monitoring subsurface carbon dioxide storage Storing carbon dioxide in underground geological formations is emerging as a promising technology to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. A range of geophysical techniques can be deployed to remotely track carbon dioxide plumes and monitor changes in the subsurface, which is critical for ensuring for safe, long-term storage. Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage provides a comprehensive review of different geophysical techniques currently in use and being developed, assessing their advantages and limitations. Volume highlights include: Geodetic and surface monitoring techniques Subsurface monitoring using seismic techniques Subsurface monitoring using non-seismic techniques Case studies of geophysical monitoring at different geologic carbon storage sites The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
Author: Zhuang Sun
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Geological storage of CO2 is proposed as a near-term economically viable approach to mitigate CO2 emissions, and is an example of the coupled chemo-hydro-mechanical processes. Although CO2 injection and enhanced oil recovery are viewed as mature technologies in the oil and gas industry, investigation of all possible implications is necessary for secure and effective long-term CO2 storage. The injection of a large volume of CO2 into target storage formations is usually associated with a number of geomechanical processes that are initiated at the pore scale. Therefore, a pore-scale geomechanical model, i.e. Discrete Element Method (DEM), is of great importance to better understand the underlying pore-scale processes and mechanisms that govern the large-scale CO2 geological storage. In this work, we concentrate on several significant pore-scale coupled phenomena. Firstly, CO2 injection into geological formations involves chemo-mechanical processes and shifts the geochemical equilibrium between the minerals and resident brine, which subsequently induces mineral-brine-CO2 reactions and affects CO2 storage mechanical integrity. We utilize a numerical model that couples the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and the Bonded-Particle Model (BPM) to perform simulations on synthetic rocks that mimic tested rock samples. Numerical results, in agreement with experimental evidence, show that both cement and particle dissolution significantly contribute to rock weakening in sandstones with carbonate/hematite cements and pore-filling carbonate. Secondly, reservoir compaction involves hydro-mechanical processes that induce changes in porosity and permeability, and is a significant concern for the oil and gas production. We develop a grain crushing model based on the DEM to investigate the changes in porosity and permeability under the reservoir stress path. Grain crushing is shown to be the dominant mechanism for significant changes in porosity and permeability under a high effective stress. Samples consisting of large and soft grains tend to be more readily compacted. Finally, fluid injection in the subsurface may induce fractures and is another common hydro-mechanical process. We couple the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to solve for the mechanics of a solid granular medium and the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to model fluid flow and drag forces. We validate the resolved CFD-DEM numerical model against experiments from the literature and investigate the impact of physical properties and injection parameters. This work reveals how the pore-scale processes contribute to fluid-driven fracture initiation
Author: Pania Newell
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128127538
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 447
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Book Description
Science of Carbon Storage in Deep Saline Formations: Process Coupling across Time and Spatial Scales summarizes state-of-the-art research, emphasizing how the coupling of physical and chemical processes as subsurface systems re-equilibrate during and after the injection of CO2. In addition, it addresses, in an easy-to-follow way, the lack of knowledge in understanding the coupled processes related to fluid flow, geomechanics and geochemistry over time and spatial scales. The book uniquely highlights process coupling and process interplay across time and spatial scales that are relevant to geological carbon storage. Includes the underlying scientific research, as well as the risks associated with geological carbon storage Covers the topic of geological carbon storage from various disciplines, addressing the multi-scale and multi-physics aspects of geological carbon storage Organized by discipline for ease of navigation
Author: Michael David Aman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 152
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This thesis investigates the relationship between the chemically and mechanically coupled alteration of CO2-storage rocks during CO2 geological storage and the ensuing changes in rock properties. I analyzed how the scratch toughness and hardness varied with alteration by CO2-fluid mixtures by employing indentation and scratch test methodologies. Rock samples were selected from the Crystal Geyser site near Green River Utah, where a natural seepage of CO2 altered outcrops of the Entrada sandstone and Summerville siltstone formations near faults over tens of thousands of years. Results from tests on Entrada sandstone and Summerville siltstone from the Crystal Geyser site show that mechanical parameters measured with indentation (indentation hardness, Young's modulus and contact creep compliance rate) and scratching (scratch hardness and scratch toughness) consistently indicated weakening of the rock after CO2-induced alteration. Decreases of measured parameters vary from 14% to 87%. In order to investigate the time scales of variation of mechanical and petrophysical properties differing to those before exposure, I conducted autoclave reaction experiments with Entrada sandstone and Summerville siltstone exposed to either de-ionized water or synthetic brine under reservoir pressure (9-10 MPa) and temperature (80°C) conditions for up to two weeks. I designed and constructed a ructed a scratch testing apparatus to conduct scratches on the laboratory altered rock samples. Scratch toughness and hardness show decreases of up to 60% in the case of entrada sandstone and 92% in the case of Summerville siltstone after CO2-induced alteration in the laboratory. To understand chemical reactions during the laboratory alteration experiments, I conducted parallel experiments using powdered samples of entrada sandstone and Summerville siltstone. I quantified aqueous ion concentrations for fluid samples collected from these autoclave experiments using analytical geochemistry. Dissolution of calcite and silicate cements are the primary reactions identified for both samples during the laboratory experiments. Recognizing the susceptibility of rock facies to CO2-related alteration at target CO2 geological storage formations is critical to ensuring the long-term mechanical stability and security of CO2 trapping.
Author: Ekene Obioma Maduakor
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Previous coreflood experiments show that CO2 sequestration in carbonate rocks is a win-win technology. Injecting CO2 into a depleted gas reservoir for storage also produces hitherto unrecoverable gas. This in turn helps to defray the cost of CO2 sequestration. This thesis reports the results from experiments conducted on a Berea sandstone core. The experiments include displacement experiments and unconfined compressive strength tests. The displacement experiments were conducted at cell pressures of 1500 psig and temperature of 60°C using a 1 foot long and 1 inch diameter Berea sandstone core. Pure CO2 and treated flue gas (99.433 % mole CO2) were injected into the Berea sandstone core initially saturated with methane at a pressure of 1500 psig and 800 psig respectively. Results from these experiments show that the dispersion coefficient for both pure CO2 and treated flue gas are relatively small ranging from 0.18-0.225 cm2/min and 0.28-0.30 cm2/min respectively. The recovery factor of methane at break-through is relatively high ranging from 71%-80% of original gas in place for pure CO2 and 90% to92% OGIP for treated flue gas, the difference resulting from different cell pressures used. Therefore it would appear that, in practice injection of treated flue gas is a cheaper option compared to pure CO2 injection. For the unconfined compressive strength tests, corefloods were first conducted at high flowrates ranging from 5 ml/min to 20 ml/ min, pressures of 1700-1900 Psig and a temperature of 65°C. These conditions simulate injecting CO2 originating from anelectric power generation plant into a depleted gas reservoir and model the near wellbore situation. Results from these experiments show a 1% increase in porosity and changes in injectivity due to permeability impairment. The cores are then subjected to an unconfined compressive strength test. Results from these tests do not show any form of weakening of the rock due to CO2 injection.
Author: Erling Fjær
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080557090
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 515
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Engineers and geologists in the petroleum industry will find Petroleum Related Rock Mechanics, 2e, a powerful resource in providing a basis of rock mechanical knowledge - a knowledge which can greatly assist in the understanding of field behavior, design of test programs and the design of field operations. Not only does this text give an introduction to applications of rock mechanics within the petroleum industry, it has a strong focus on basics, drilling, production and reservoir engineering. Assessment of rock mechanical parameters is covered in depth, as is acoustic wave propagation in rocks, with possible link to 4D seismics as well as log interpretation. Learn the basic principles behind rock mechanics from leading academic and industry experts Quick reference and guide for engineers and geologists working in the field Keep informed and up to date on all the latest methods and fundamental concepts
Author: Qingyun Li
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 230
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Book Description
Geologic CO2 sequestration (GCS) in subsurface saline aquifers is a promising strategy to mitigate climate change caused by increasing anthropogenic CO2 emissions from energy production. At GCS sites, interactions between fluids and geomedia are important because they can affect CO2 trapping efficiency and the safety of CO2 storage. These interactions include the dissolution and precipitation of minerals. One of the most important minerals is calcium carbonate, because it can permanently trap CO2.In this work, Portland cement was used as a model geomedium to investigate the chemical reactions, mechanical alterations, transport of reactive fluids, and the interplay of all these aspects. Also, because Portland cement is used in building and decommissioning CO2 injection wells, its alteration is important for wellbore integrity. Wellbore cement can deteriorate as a result of extensive reactions with injected CO2. Typically, a carbonated layer forms, which can partially reduce CO2 attack by clogging pores in the cement. We conducted high temperature/pressure experiments using Portland cement paste samples, and after 10 days of reaction, quantified the chemical changes using scanning electron microscope backscattering electron imaging and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical changes were quantified as well using a three-point bending setup and nanoindentation. The experimental results showed that after CO2 attack, the cement samples decreased in strength by ~80%, and this decrease was closely related to the formation of a wide and weak portlandite-depleted zone in the cement matrix immediately inside of the carbonated layer. The effects of 0.05 M of sulfate ions were also examined. Interestingly, the additional sulfate ions were found to mitigate CO2 attack by forming a more protective and less soluble carbonated layer, and thus a thinner portlandite-depleted zone.To further investigate the detailed mechanisms by which the wide and weak portlandite-depleted zone formed and the carbonated layer's surface dissolved, we set up a one-dimensional continuum reactive transport model using the CrunchTope software. Two mechanisms were found to be critical in reproducing our main observations: First, the precipitated CaCO3 could not fill the entire pore spaces in the carbonated layer. The inefficiency of CaCO3 precipitation in filling all the pores might be due to fractures and defects in the carbonated layer, or due to the extent of pore-size-dependent precipitation. Second, nucleation kinetics had to be incorporated into the model to predict the mineral precipitation observed in the reaction solution and to capture the dissolution of the carbonated layer's surface.To acquire parameters for the incorporation of nucleation kinetics, CaCO3 nucleation experiments were conducted primarily using atomic force microscopy and synchrotron-based in situ grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering. Newly obtained interfacial energies were compared for mica and quartz systems, and a slightly higher interfacial energy was found in the quartz system. The effects of salinity were investigated in the range of 0.15--0.85 M ionic strengths, and we found a decrease of interfacial energies at high salinity. The kinetic factors, including the apparent activation energy and the pre-exponential factor in the nucleation rate equation, were experimentally obtained for the first time by varying temperatures in the range of 12--31 °C. These parameters provided the key information for modeling nucleation in geomedia and synthesizing well controlled materials in materials science.The CaCO3 nucleation studies advanced our current understanding of nucleation under various conditions, and the acquired parameters were indispensable for our numerical simulations of the cement deterioration. The reactive transport modeling work revealed the important mechanisms in the cement--CO2 reactions, and provided many insights for understanding the chemical and mechanical alterations of geomedia. The investigation of cement deterioration quantitatively coupled the chemical and mechanical changes of the cement samples, and proved that the molecular scale of water--rock reactions can have a substantial impact on the change of the bulk geomedia. Such information can be also be applied to shale/sandstone--CO2 interactions. Overall, this dissertation presents a platform to understand fluid--geomedia interactions, combining experimental and modeling approaches, and connecting basic sciences and real applications. The advanced understanding of fluid--geomedia interactions will help improve GCS operation and thus address the climate change challenge.
Author: Cheng Yii Sim
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Carbon dioxide
Languages : en
Pages : 374
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) geosequestration is a proposed method to mitigate the emissions of this green house gas into the atmosphere. Time-lapse seismic reflection imaging is used to monitor subsurface variation when CO2 is injected into a geological reservoir. The changes observed in time-lapse seismic signature are often associated with fluid-saturation and/or fluid pressure changes which are used to monitor the movement of the CO2 plume. However, geophysicists have not taken into account how rock-CO2 chemical reactions can affect these time-lapse signatures when geochemists have already shown that carbonate minerals dissolve when they are in contact with carbonic acid. The Pohokura Field, is a major gas-producing field in New Zealand. It has been suggested as a potential CO2-sequestration site after depletion. Its reservoir sandstones have a range of carbonate cementation volumes which makes it a great candidate to study time-lapse response due to fluids and rock dissolution if CO2-sequestration were to be carried out at the Pohokura Field. This thesis investigates the interaction between carbonate-cemented sandstones and a CO2-water mixture, in terms of the elastic and physical properties of the rocks. The effects of fluid substitution alone (brine to supercritical CO2) and those due to the combination of fluid substitution and mineral dissolution on time-lapse seismic signatures are studied by combining laboratory data, geophysical well-log data and 1-D seismic forward modelling. The results of reservoir sandstone samples reacted with a pressurised CO2-water mixture in the laboratory suggest that the governing factor of the degree of mineral dissolution is the initial rock texture as opposed to the abundance of carbonate cement present in the sandstone. Coarse-grained sandstones show greater changes in elastic wave velocities due to dissolution than ne-grained sandstones. Subsequently, the laboratory information is applied onto well-log data to model changes in elastic properties of sandstones in a well-log scale. Besides that, the suite of well-logs and core petrographic analyses, from four Pohokura appraisal wells, are used to find an elastic model that best describes the observed elastic waves velocities in the cemented reservoir sandstones. The Constant-cement rock physics model is found to predict the elastic behavior of the cemented sandstones. The model assumes that the grain-contact cement volume is more important than the non-contact cement volume as it controls the velocity of seismic waves propagating in the sandstones. The changes in elastic properties, such as elastic wave velocity changes, due to mineral dissolution are greater than those due to fluid substitution alone (more than twice for some of the Pohokura reservoir sandstones). When propagating the laboratory results to the well-log data, it is observed that the mineral dissolution effect is greater in the wells located at the North of the field as compared to the ones in the South, since the geology of Pohokura suggests that the sandstones are of coarser grains towards the North. Computed 1-D synthetic seismograms show that the reflection amplitude change due to fluid substitution and mineral dissolution in the Pohokura reservoir can be significant (maximum change of 126%). It is therefore important to consider that time-lapse seismic signatures at the Pohokura Field, and other carbonate-cemented reservoirs, can be misinterpreted if the model used neglects the chemical reaction between a CO2-water mixture and the carbonate cements.
Author: Jason Simmons
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Anadarko Basin
Languages : en
Pages : 126
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