An Introduction to Causal Inference PDF Download
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Author: Judea Pearl
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781507894293
Category : Causation
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This paper summarizes recent advances in causal inference and underscores the paradigmatic shifts that must be undertaken in moving from traditional statistical analysis to causal analysis of multivariate data. Special emphasis is placed on the assumptions that underly all causal inferences, the languages used in formulating those assumptions, the conditional nature of all causal and counterfactual claims, and the methods that have been developed for the assessment of such claims. These advances are illustrated using a general theory of causation based on the Structural Causal Model (SCM) described in Pearl (2000a), which subsumes and unifies other approaches to causation, and provides a coherent mathematical foundation for the analysis of causes and counterfactuals. In particular, the paper surveys the development of mathematical tools for inferring (from a combination of data and assumptions) answers to three types of causal queries: (1) queries about the effects of potential interventions, (also called "causal effects" or "policy evaluation") (2) queries about probabilities of counterfactuals, (including assessment of "regret," "attribution" or "causes of effects") and (3) queries about direct and indirect effects (also known as "mediation"). Finally, the paper defines the formal and conceptual relationships between the structural and potential-outcome frameworks and presents tools for a symbiotic analysis that uses the strong features of both. The tools are demonstrated in the analyses of mediation, causes of effects, and probabilities of causation. -- p. 1.
Author: Judea Pearl
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781507894293
Category : Causation
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This paper summarizes recent advances in causal inference and underscores the paradigmatic shifts that must be undertaken in moving from traditional statistical analysis to causal analysis of multivariate data. Special emphasis is placed on the assumptions that underly all causal inferences, the languages used in formulating those assumptions, the conditional nature of all causal and counterfactual claims, and the methods that have been developed for the assessment of such claims. These advances are illustrated using a general theory of causation based on the Structural Causal Model (SCM) described in Pearl (2000a), which subsumes and unifies other approaches to causation, and provides a coherent mathematical foundation for the analysis of causes and counterfactuals. In particular, the paper surveys the development of mathematical tools for inferring (from a combination of data and assumptions) answers to three types of causal queries: (1) queries about the effects of potential interventions, (also called "causal effects" or "policy evaluation") (2) queries about probabilities of counterfactuals, (including assessment of "regret," "attribution" or "causes of effects") and (3) queries about direct and indirect effects (also known as "mediation"). Finally, the paper defines the formal and conceptual relationships between the structural and potential-outcome frameworks and presents tools for a symbiotic analysis that uses the strong features of both. The tools are demonstrated in the analyses of mediation, causes of effects, and probabilities of causation. -- p. 1.
Author: Adrian Banner
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 0691130884
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 754
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Book Description
For many students, calculus can be the most mystifying and frustrating course they will ever take. Based upon Adrian Banner's popular calculus review course at Princeton University, this book provides students with the essential tools they need not only to learn calculus, but also to excel at it.
Author: Charles C Pinter
Publisher: Courier Corporation
ISBN: 0486474178
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 402
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Book Description
Accessible but rigorous, this outstanding text encompasses all of the topics covered by a typical course in elementary abstract algebra. Its easy-to-read treatment offers an intuitive approach, featuring informal discussions followed by thematically arranged exercises. This second edition features additional exercises to improve student familiarity with applications. 1990 edition.
Author: Serge Lang
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441985328
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 741
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Book Description
This fifth edition of Lang's book covers all the topics traditionally taught in the first-year calculus sequence. Divided into five parts, each section of A FIRST COURSE IN CALCULUS contains examples and applications relating to the topic covered. In addition, the rear of the book contains detailed solutions to a large number of the exercises, allowing them to be used as worked-out examples -- one of the main improvements over previous editions.
Author: Luigi Accardi
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9814492914
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 496
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Book Description
The topics discussed in this book can be classified into three parts:(i) Gaussian processes. The most general and in fact final representation theory of Gaussian processes is included in this book. This theory is still referred to often and its developments are discussed.(ii) White noise analysis. This book includes the notes of the series of lectures delivered in 1975 at Carleton University in Ottawa. They describe the very original idea of introducing the notion of generalized Brownian functionals (nowadays called “generalized white noise functionals”, and sometimes “Hida distribution”.(iii) Variational calculus for random fields. This topic will certainly represent one of the driving research lines for probability theory in the next century, as can be seen from several papers in this volume.
Author: Stu Schwartz
Publisher: Research & Education Assoc.
ISBN: 0738612200
Category : Study Aids
Languages : en
Pages : 434
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Book Description
All Access for the AP® Calculus AB & BC Exams Book + Web + Mobile Updated for the new 2017 Exams Everything you need to prepare for the Advanced Placement® Calculus exams, in a study system built around you! There are many different ways to prepare for an Advanced Placement® exam. What's best for you depends on how much time you have to study and how comfortable you are with the subject matter. To score your highest, you need a system that can be customized to fit you: your schedule, your learning style, and your current level of knowledge. This book, and the online tools that come with it, will help you personalize your AP® Calculus prep by testing your understanding, pinpointing your weaknesses, and delivering flashcard study materials unique to you. REA's All Access system allows you to create a personalized study plan through three simple steps: targeted review of exam content, assessment of your knowledge, and focused study in the topics where you need the most help. Here's how it works: Review the Book: Study the topics tested on the AP® Calculus AB & BC exams and learn proven strategies that will help you tackle any question you may see on test day. Test Yourself and Get Feedback: As you review the book, test yourself with 9 end-of-chapter quizzes and 3 mini-tests. Score reports from your free online tests and quizzes give you a fast way to pinpoint what you really know and what you should spend more time studying. Improve Your Score: Armed with your score reports, you can personalize your study plan. Review the parts of the book where you are weakest, and use the REA Study Center to create your own unique e-flashcards, adding to the 100 free cards included with this book. Visit The REA Study Center for a suite of online tools: The best way to personalize your study plan is to get frequent feedback on what you know and what you don't know. At the online REA Study Center, you can access three types of assessment: topic-level quizzes, mini-tests, and a full-length practice test. Each of these tools provides true-to-format questions and delivers a detailed score report that follows the topics set by the College Board®. Topic Level Quizzes: Short, 15-minute quizzes are available throughout the review and test your immediate understanding of the topics just covered. Mini-Tests: Three online mini-tests cover what you've studied. These tests are like the actual AP® exam, only shorter, and will help you evaluate your overall understanding of the subject. 2 Full-Length Practice Tests - (1 for Calculus AB and 1 for Calculus BC): After you've finished reviewing the book, take our full-length practice exams to practice under test-day conditions. Available both in the book and online, these tests give you the most complete picture of your strengths and weaknesses. We strongly recommend you take the online versions of the exams for the added benefits of timed testing, automatic scoring, and a detailed score report. Improving Your Score with e-Flashcards: With your score reports from the quizzes and tests, you'll be able to see exactly which AP® Calculus topics you need to review. Use this information to create your own flashcards for the areas where you are weak. And, because you will create these flashcards through the REA Study Center, you can access them from any computer or smartphone. REA's All Access test prep is a must-have for students taking the AP® Calculus AB & BC exams!
Author: Steven Strogatz
Publisher: Mariner Books
ISBN: 1328879984
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 389
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Book Description
This is the captivating story of mathematics' greatest ever idea: calculus. Without it, there would be no computers, no microwave ovens, no GPS, and no space travel. But before it gave modern man almost infinite powers, calculus was behind centuries of controversy, competition, and even death. Taking us on a thrilling journey through three millennia, professor Steven Strogatz charts the development of this seminal achievement from the days of Aristotle to today's million-dollar reward that awaits whoever cracks Reimann's hypothesis. Filled with idiosyncratic characters from Pythagoras to Euler, Infinite Powers is a compelling human drama that reveals the legacy of calculus on nearly every aspect of modern civilization, including science, politics, ethics, philosophy, and much besides.
Author: Nozer D. Singpurwalla
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470060336
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 396
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Book Description
We all like to know how reliable and how risky certain situations are, and our increasing reliance on technology has led to the need for more precise assessments than ever before. Such precision has resulted in efforts both to sharpen the notions of risk and reliability, and to quantify them. Quantification is required for normative decision-making, especially decisions pertaining to our safety and wellbeing. Increasingly in recent years Bayesian methods have become key to such quantifications. Reliability and Risk provides a comprehensive overview of the mathematical and statistical aspects of risk and reliability analysis, from a Bayesian perspective. This book sets out to change the way in which we think about reliability and survival analysis by casting them in the broader context of decision-making. This is achieved by: Providing a broad coverage of the diverse aspects of reliability, including: multivariate failure models, dynamic reliability, event history analysis, non-parametric Bayes, competing risks, co-operative and competing systems, and signature analysis. Covering the essentials of Bayesian statistics and exchangeability, enabling readers who are unfamiliar with Bayesian inference to benefit from the book. Introducing the notion of “composite reliability”, or the collective reliability of a population of items. Discussing the relationship between notions of reliability and survival analysis and econometrics and financial risk. Reliability and Risk can most profitably be used by practitioners and research workers in reliability and survivability as a source of information, reference, and open problems. It can also form the basis of a graduate level course in reliability and risk analysis for students in statistics, biostatistics, engineering (industrial, nuclear, systems), operations research, and other mathematically oriented scientists, wherein the instructor could supplement the material with examples and problems.
Author: Stanley J. Miklavcic
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030334597
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 319
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Book Description
This textbook focuses on one of the most valuable skills in multivariable and vector calculus: visualization. With over one hundred carefully drawn color images, students who have long struggled picturing, for example, level sets or vector fields will find these abstract concepts rendered with clarity and ingenuity. This illustrative approach to the material covered in standard multivariable and vector calculus textbooks will serve as a much-needed and highly useful companion. Emphasizing portability, this book is an ideal complement to other references in the area. It begins by exploring preliminary ideas such as vector algebra, sets, and coordinate systems, before moving into the core areas of multivariable differentiation and integration, and vector calculus. Sections on the chain rule for second derivatives, implicit functions, PDEs, and the method of least squares offer additional depth; ample illustrations are woven throughout. Mastery Checks engage students in material on the spot, while longer exercise sets at the end of each chapter reinforce techniques. An Illustrative Guide to Multivariable and Vector Calculus will appeal to multivariable and vector calculus students and instructors around the world who seek an accessible, visual approach to this subject. Higher-level students, called upon to apply these concepts across science and engineering, will also find this a valuable and concise resource.
Author: Randall Scott Gess
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN: 9789027247865
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 392
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Book Description
The 20 papers in this volume are a selection from those presented at the 34th LSRL, held in Salt Lake City, in 2004. The papers deal with a wide range of theoretical issues in Romance Linguistics and include several from the conference parasession, which focused on experimental approaches to problems in Romance Linguistics. The book will be of interest to anyone interested in current issues in theoretical Romance Linguistics.
