Breeding Plan to Preserve the Genetic Variability of the Kootenai River White Sturgeon, Final Report, December 1993 PDF Download
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Languages : en
Pages : 18
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Natural reproduction in the Kootenai River white sturgeon population has not produced a successful year class since 1974, resulting in a declining broodstock and 20 consecutive year classes missing from the age-class structure. This report describes a captive breeding plan designed to preserve the remaining genetic variability and to begin rebuilding the natural age class structure. The captive breeding program will use 3--9 females and an equal number of males captured from the Kootenai River each spring. Fish will be spawned in pairs or in diallel mating designs to produce individual families that will be reared separately to maintain family identity. Fish will be marked to identify family and year class before return to the river. Fish should be returned to the river as fall fingerlings to minimize potential adaptation to the hatchery environment Initially, while tagging methods are tested to ensure positive identification after return to the river, it may be necessary to plant fish as spring yearlings. Number of fish planted will be equalized at 5,000 per family if fall fingerlings or 1,000 per family if spring yearlings. Assuming annual survival rates of 20% during the first winter for fall fingerling plants and 50% for years 1--3, and 85% for years 4--20 of all fish planted, the target numbers would yield 7.9 progeny per family or about 4 breeding pairs at age 20. Natural survival in the river environment during the 19+ years from planting to maturity would result in variability in genetic contribution of families to the next broodstock generation. Fish planted per family would be adjusted in future years when actual survival rate information is known. Broodfish will be tagged when captured to minimize multiple spawning of the same fish. implementation of this breeding plan each year for the 20-year generation interval, using 5 different mating pairs each year, will yield an effective population size of 200, or 22.5% of the estimated 1990 population.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 18
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Book Description
Natural reproduction in the Kootenai River white sturgeon population has not produced a successful year class since 1974, resulting in a declining broodstock and 20 consecutive year classes missing from the age-class structure. This report describes a captive breeding plan designed to preserve the remaining genetic variability and to begin rebuilding the natural age class structure. The captive breeding program will use 3--9 females and an equal number of males captured from the Kootenai River each spring. Fish will be spawned in pairs or in diallel mating designs to produce individual families that will be reared separately to maintain family identity. Fish will be marked to identify family and year class before return to the river. Fish should be returned to the river as fall fingerlings to minimize potential adaptation to the hatchery environment Initially, while tagging methods are tested to ensure positive identification after return to the river, it may be necessary to plant fish as spring yearlings. Number of fish planted will be equalized at 5,000 per family if fall fingerlings or 1,000 per family if spring yearlings. Assuming annual survival rates of 20% during the first winter for fall fingerling plants and 50% for years 1--3, and 85% for years 4--20 of all fish planted, the target numbers would yield 7.9 progeny per family or about 4 breeding pairs at age 20. Natural survival in the river environment during the 19+ years from planting to maturity would result in variability in genetic contribution of families to the next broodstock generation. Fish planted per family would be adjusted in future years when actual survival rate information is known. Broodfish will be tagged when captured to minimize multiple spawning of the same fish. implementation of this breeding plan each year for the 20-year generation interval, using 5 different mating pairs each year, will yield an effective population size of 200, or 22.5% of the estimated 1990 population.
Author: Harold L. Kincaid
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Category : Rare fishes
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Category : Power resources
Languages : en
Pages : 438
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Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 904
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Category : Research
Languages : en
Pages : 1218
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Sections 1-2. Keyword Index.--Section 3. Personal author index.--Section 4. Corporate author index.-- Section 5. Contract/grant number index, NTIS order/report number index 1-E.--Section 6. NTIS order/report number index F-Z.
Author: Andrea Schreier
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Category : Hatchery fishes
Languages : en
Pages : 18
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"The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho's Native Fish Conservation Aquaculture Program (KTOI NFCAP) has been propagating and releasing white sturgeon to support the endangered Kootenai River white sturgeon population since the early 1990s. Because genetic diversity loss often accompanies captive breeding programs, an important goal of the NFCAP is to preserve the wild population's genetic diversity and protect its adaptive potential. Since 2006, the Genomic Variation Laboratory (GVL) has been conducting genetic monitoring of the Tribe's white sturgeon conservation aquaculture program. We've used neutral microsatellites to measure the amount of genetic diversity present in the wild population and monitor the amount of diversity represented in each year class produced. Individual genotypes determined by the monitoring project can be used as genetic tags for parentage analysis for future NFCAP broodstock management. Parentage analysis can be conducted on potential broodstock of hatchery origin to prevent crossing close relatives (e.g. full siblings). Here we present the results of genetic monitoring of the 2016 year class."--Introduction (page 2).
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Languages : en
Pages :
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This report evaluates natural spawning of white sturgeon in the Kootenai River before, during and after the 1993 augmented discharge period. To determine how altering the operation of Libby Dam may improve conditions for natural spawning of white sturgeon in the Kootenai River, discharge from Libby Dam (with no power peaking or load following) was increased to produce 20 kcfs ([plus-minus] 2 kcfs) discharge at Bonners Ferry, Idaho, for a 14 day period June 2--16. Objectives of this research were to determine if white sturgeon spawned in the Kootenai River during 1993; and collect baseline biological data including timing, location, and habitat requirements of white sturgeon spawning in the Kootenai River in order to formulate and implement future flow regimes as effective recovery measures for white sturgeon. While sampling is not expected to collect a majority of white sturgeon eggs or larvae produced in a river, the fact that over 41,000 hours of sampling (combined gear) collected only 3 white sturgeon eggs and no larvae suggests that spawning conditions during 1993 were inadequate to benefit this population.
Author: Paul J. Anders
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ISBN:
Category : Fish hatcheries
Languages : en
Pages : 13
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"The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho proposed an experimental hatchery program to address the decline of the white sturgeon population in the Kootenai River. Since its inception in 1990, the Kootenai River White Sturgeon Conservation Aquaculture Program has continued to meet its objective of reducing the threat of extinction by providing annual year classes from native broodstock, representing inherent genetic variability in its broodstock and progeny groups, and minimizing the introduction or transmission of pathogens or disease to the wild (source) population. By the late 1990s it became clear that non-hatchery efforts to restore recruitment were failing to counteract the extinction threat. This trend continues to the present (2008). In 2004 updated demographic analysis suggested that as few as 500 adults remained in the population, and triggered increased hatchery production for demographic and genetic conservation. In 2005, a report was prepared describing endangered Kootenai River white sturgeon population trends and causal factors of decline along with program history, protocols, and accomplishments during its first 15 years of operation (KTOI 2006). Subsequent data analysis revealed newly reduced survival rates based on lower recapture frequencies of earlier life stages and release groups of smaller fish. Embryos and free-embryos (yolks-sac larvae) released during several years in the early 2000s have provided no evidence for post-release survival to date. Review of these analyses warranted an updated report to recommend and delineate 2008 operational changes for the program. This report includes a brief program history for perspective, a summary of postrelease survival analyses of early life stages released from the Kootenai Hatchery (Justice and Pyper 2007), and recommends program operational changes for 2008. This report does not address hatchery operations beyond 2008 because the Program is currently involved in Step 1 of the Northwest Power and Conservation Council's 3- Step Hatchery Master Planning process. Recommendations regarding Program facility and operational changes beyond 2008 will be reported in future Master Planning documents."--Program overview.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 52
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Kootenai River white sturgeon have been declining for at least 50 years and extinction of the wild population is now imminent (Paragamian et al. 2005). Only 630 adults were estimated to remain in 2002 from a population ten times that size just 20 years ago. Significant recruitment of young sturgeon has not been observed since the early 1970s and consistent annual recruitment has not been seen since the 1950s. The remaining wild population consists of a cohort of large, old fish that is declining by about 9% per year as fish die naturally and are not replaced. At this rate, the wild population will disappear around the year 2040. Numbers have already reached critical low levels where genetic and demographic risks are acute. The Kootenai River White Sturgeon Recovery Team was convened in 1994, provided a draft Recovery Plan in 1996 and the first complete Recovery Plan for Kootenai River white sturgeon in 1999 (USFWS 1996, 1999). The Plan outlined a four part strategy for recovery, including: (1) measures to restore natural recruitment, (2) use of conservation aquaculture to prevent extinction, (3) monitoring survival and recovery, and (4) updating and revising recovery plan criteria and objectives as new information becomes available. Sturgeon recovery efforts are occurring against a backdrop of a broader ecosystem protection and restoration program for the Kootenai River ecosystem. With abundance halving time of approximately 8 years, the Kootenai River white sturgeon population is rapidly dwindling, leaving managers little time to act. Decades of study consistently indicate that recruitment failure occurs between embryo and larval stages. This assertion is based on four key observations. First, almost no recruitment has occurred during the last 30 years. Second, thousands of naturally produced white sturgeon embryos, most viable, have been collected over the past decade, resulting from an estimated 9 to 20 spawning events each year. Third, Kootenai River white sturgeon spawning has been documented during most years from 1990 through 2005. Finally, no larvae and very few wild juveniles have been collected during recent decades despite years of intensive sampling. Concurrently, post-release hatchery reared juveniles (as young as 9 months of age at release) consistently exhibit successful growth and survival (Ireland et al. 2002). Recruitment has failed, in part because fish are currently spawning at sites where or when conditions appear unsuitable for successful incubation and early rearing. Research to date suggests that recruitment failure is caused by egg or larval suffocation, predation and/or other mortality factors associated with these early life stages. A variety of interrelated factors have clearly contributed to the decline of Kootenai white sturgeon; various hypotheses for recruitment failure are not mutually exclusive. Anders et al. (2002) suggested that Kootenai River white sturgeon recruitment failure is likely the result of additive mortality from: (1) increased predation efficiencies due to low turbidity, velocity, and an relative increase in predatory fishes, (2) a reduced number of eggs produced by a dwindling spawning population, and (3) spawning in habitat lacking interstitial space (embryo suffocation). Quite simply, the combined egg and embryo mortality from all biotic and abiotic factors kills more eggs and embryos than the dwindling wild population is currently capable of producing. Thus, natural recruitment failure appears to be caused by some combination of habitat and stock limitation, by the mechanisms mentioned above. Although past research has helped narrow the range of possible causes of natural recruitment failure, the relative significance of each potential impact remains uncertain because multiple ecological, biological, and physical habitat changes occurred simultaneously. This makes it difficult to choose among competing hypotheses and difficult to know where exactly to focus recovery efforts for maximum benefit. In an ideal world, specific recovery measures would be identified and implemented based on a series of complementary research investigations to definitively identify the proximate causes and specific mechanisms of recruitment failure. The acute status of Kootenai sturgeon and current inability to compartmentalize the complex ecosystem do not afford the luxury of time for exhaustive research studies on every potential mechanism of recruitment failure. Mechanistic studies cannot replace the need for experimental evaluations of implemented adaptive management experiments.
Author: Vaughn L. Paragamian
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ISBN:
Category : White sturgeon
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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